Systems and methods for application-friendly protocol data unit (pdu) session management

ABSTRACT

Methods by which User Plane (UP) management information is exchanged between an Application Function (AF) supporting one or more applications and a Slice Management Function (SW) configured to manage traffic flows in a given slice of the network. The exchange of UP management information may be initiated from either the AF or the SW. In the case of AF-initiated information exchange, the UP management information provided by the AF may comprise traffic requirements of applications supported by the AF. In the case of SMF-initiated information exchange, the UP management information provided by the SM may comprise operator policy information or events, and the AF may respond with information of traffic requirements of applications supported by the AF.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based on, and claims benefit of: U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/442,857 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU) SESSIONMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS filed Jan. 5, 2017; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/455,368 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU) SESSIONMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS filed Feb. 6, 2017; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/459,985 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU) SESSIONMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS filed Feb. 16, 2017; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/473,274 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU) SESSIONMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS filed Mar. 17, 2017; U.S. ProvisionalApplication 62/477,384 filed Mar. 27, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application62/487,960 filed Apr. 20, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application 62/491,529filed Apr. 28, 2017 SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR APPLICATION-FRIENDLY PROTOCOLDATA UNIT (PDU) SESSION MANAGEMENT; and U.S. Provisional Application62/522,040, SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR APPLICATION-FRIENDLY PROTOCOL DATAUNIT (PDU) SESSION MANAGEMENT filed Jun. 19, 2017 the contents of eachof which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to the field of Protocol Data Unit (PDU)session management in communication networking and Network Managementsystems, and in particular to systems and methods for PDU sessionmanagement that enable application awareness and application-friendlyProtocol Data Unit (PDU) session management

BACKGROUND

The 3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technical reportnumbered TR 23.799 and entitled “Study on Architecture for NextGeneration System,” version 0.8.0, September 2016 (hereinafter referredto as TR 23.799), represents one approach to the design of a systemarchitecture for next generation mobile networks, also referred to as5^(th) generation (5G) networks. As proposed in the above referenceddocuments, the network can be logically divided into a control plane(CP) that supports network control functionality and a user plane (UP)that supports data traffic being communicated between User Equipment(UE), servers, and network functions available on the network. In someembodiments, a management plane may also be defined. It should beunderstood that the different planes are logical constructs. In manyinstances, the nodes and functions within the network may use the samephysical hardware and connections, though they are considered to belogically distinct.

Communications between connected devices, such as UE and servers, aremanaged by the CP. Unlike current communication networks, with fixedshort-life PDU sessions established between end points, in nextgeneration networks it is proposed to that PDU sessions may sustain forrelatively longer periods during which time PDU session parameters mayneed to be changed

Therefore, there is a need for a method and apparatus serving mobilewireless communication devices in wireless communication networks suchas proposed 5G networks, in which PDU sessions may be configured and/orupdated to reflect current PDU session parameters such as applicationsystem location or UP selection.

Network function virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture conceptthat uses the technologies of IT virtualization to create entire classesof virtualized network functions into building blocks that may beconnected to each other or to other entities, or may be chainedtogether, to create communication services. NFV relies upon, but differsfrom, traditional server-virtualization techniques, such as those usedin enterprise IT. A virtualized network function (VNF) may consist ofone or more virtual machines (VMs) running different software andprocesses, on top of standard high-volume servers, switches and storagedevices, or even cloud computing infrastructure, instead of havingcustom hardware appliances for each network function. In otherembodiments, a VNF may be provided without use of a Virtual Machinethrough the use of other virtualization techniques including the use ofcontainers. In further embodiments, a customized hardware appliance maybe resident within the physical infrastructure used for differentvirtual networks, and may be presented to each virtual network as avirtual version of itself based on a partitioning of the resources ofthe appliance between networks. For example, a virtual session bordercontroller could be instantiated upon existing resources to protect anetwork domain without the typical cost and complexity of obtaining andinstalling physical network protection units. Other examples of VNFsinclude virtualized load balancers, firewalls, intrusion detectiondevices and WAN accelerators.

The NFV framework consists of three main components:

-   Virtualized network functions (VNFs) are software implementations of    network functions that can be deployed on a network functions    virtualization infrastructure (NFVI).-   Network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) is the    totality of all hardware and software components that provide the    resources upon which VNFs are deployed. The NFV infrastructure can    span several locations. The network providing connectivity between    these locations is considered as part of the NFV infrastructure.-   Network functions virtualization MANagement and Orchestration (MANO)    architectural framework (NFV-MANO Architectural Framework, for    example the NFV-MANO defined by the European Telecommunications    Standards Institute (ETSI), referred to as ETSI_MANO or ETSI    NFV-MANO) is the collection of all functional blocks, data    repositories used by these blocks, and reference points and    interfaces through which these functional blocks exchange    information for the purpose of managing and orchestrating NFVI and    VNFs.

The building block for both the NFVI and the NFV-MANO are the resourcesof an NFV platform. These resources may consist of virtual and physicalprocessing and storage resources, virtualization software and may alsoinclude connectivity resources such as communication links between thedata centers or nodes providing the physical processing and storageresources. In its NFV-MANO role the NFV platform consists of VNF andNFVI managers and virtualization software operating on a hardwareplatform. The NFV platform can be used to implement carrier-gradefeatures used to manage and monitor the platform components, recoverfrom failures and provide appropriate security—all required for thepublic carrier network.

Software-Defined Topology (SDT) is a networking technique that defines alogical network topology in a virtual network. Based on requirements ofthe service provided on the virtual network, and the underlyingresources available, virtual functions and the logical links connectingthe functions can be defined by an SDT controller, and this topology canthen by instantiated for a given network service instance. For example,for a cloud based database service, an SDT may comprise logical linksbetween a client and one or more instances of a database service. As thename implies, an SDT will typically be generated by an SDT controllerwhich may itself be a virtualized entity in a different network ornetwork slice. Logical topology determination is done by the SDTcontroller which generates a Network Service Infrastructure (NSI)descriptor (NSLD) as the output. It may use an existing template of anNSI and add parameter values to it to create the NSLD, or it may createa new template and define the composition of the NSI.

Software Defined Protocol (SDP) is a logical End-to End (E2E) techniquethat may be used within a network service instance. SDP allows for thegeneration of a customized protocol stack (which may be created using aset of available functional building blocks) that can be provided todifferent nodes or functions within the network, or network slice. Thedefinition of a slice specific protocol may result in different nodes orfunctions within a network slice having defined procedures to carry outupon receipt of a type of packet. As the name implies, an SDP willtypically be generated by one or more SDP controllers which may bevirtualized functions instantiated upon a server.

Software-Defined Resource Allocation (SDRA) refers to the process ofallocation of network resources for logical connections in the logicaltopology associated with a given service instance or network slice. Inan environment in which the physical resources of a network are used tosupport a plurality of network slices, an SDRA controller will allocatethe processing, storage and connectivity resources of the network to thedifferent network slices to best accommodate the agreed upon servicerequirements for each of the network slices. This may result in a fixedallocation of resources, or it may result in an allocation that isdynamically changed to accommodate the different temporal distributionof traffic and processing requirements. As the name implies, an SDRAController will typically determine an allocation of resources, and maybe implemented as a function that is instantiated upon a server.

Service Oriented Network Auto Creation (SONAC) is a technology thatmakes use of software-defined topology (SDT), software defined protocol(SDP), and software-defined resource allocation (SDRA) techniques tocreate a network or virtual network for a given network serviceinstance. By coordinating the SDT, SDP, SDRA and in some embodimentsSoftware Defined Network (SDN) control, optimization and furtherefficiencies can be obtained. In some cases, a SONAC controller may beused to create a network slice within which a 3rd Generation PartnershipProject (3GPP) compliant network can be created using a virtualizedinfra-structure (e.g. VNFs and logical links) to provide a VirtualNetwork (VN) service. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that theresources allocated to the different VNFs and logical links may becontrolled by the SDRA-type functionality of a SONAC controller, whilethe manner in which the VNFs are connected can be determined by theSDT-type functionality of the SONAC controller. The manner in which theVNFs process data packets may be defined by the SDP-type functionalityof the SONAC controller. A SONAC controller may be used to optimize theNetwork Management, and so may also be considered to be a NetworkManagement (NM) optimizer.

As the implementation details and standards of NFV evolve, systems andmethods for ensuring that service level agreements (SLAs) can besatisfied in a consistent and reliable manner are highly desirable.

Within this disclosure, abbreviations that are not specifically definedherein should be interpreted in accordance with 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) Technical Standards, such as, for example,Technical Standard TS 23.501 V0.3.1 (March 2017).

This background information is provided to reveal information believedby the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention.No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that anyof the preceding information constitutes prior art against the presentinvention.

SUMMARY

An object of embodiments of the present invention is to provide systemsand methods for ensuring that service level agreements (SLAs) can besatisfied.

In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a methodof managing a subscribed notification. The method comprises obtaining,by a session management function (SMF), information associated with auser plane (UP) selection or reselection notification subscription froman application function (AF); and sending, by the SMF, a notification ofa UP selection or reselection to the AF, the notification comprising anotification type indicating that the notification is sent before orafter a UP path is configured.

In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, theinformation from the AF indicates the notification type. In anotherembodiment, the notification comprises an application location.

In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided afunction such as a Session Management Function (SMF). The functioncomprises, a processor and a computer readable memory. The computerreadable memory stores instructions that when executed by the processorcause the SMF to be configured to obtain, from an Application Function(AF), information associated with at least one of a User Plane (UP)selection notification subscription and a UP reselection notificationsubscription; and send, through the network interface to the AF, anotification of at least one of a UP selection and a UP reselection, thenotification comprising a notification type indicating that thenotification is sent before or after a UP path is configured.

In an embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention, theinformation obtained from the AF indicates the notification type. Inanother embodiment, the notification comprises an application location.

In a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a methodof managing a subscribed notification. The method comprises subscribing,by an application function (AF), to a notification about a user plane(UP) selection or reselection; and receiving, by the AF, a messagecomprising a notification type indicating the message is before or aftera UP path is configured, wherein the message is associated with thenotification about the UP selection or reselection.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, the subscribing the notificationcomprises sending a request to subscribe to the notification, therequest comprising the notification type. In another embodiment, themessage includes an application location.

In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a networkfunction such as an Application Function (AF). The network functioncomprises, a processor and a computer readable memory. The computerreadable memory stores instructions that when executed by the processorcause the network function to be configured to subscribe to anotification about at least one of a user plane (UP) selection and a UPreselection; and receive a message comprising a notification typeindicating that the message is before or after a UP path is configured,wherein the message is associated with the notification about the UPselection or reselection.

In an embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present invention, thecomputer readable memory stores instructions that when executed by theprocessor further cause the AF to be configured to, subscribe to thenotification by sending a request to subscribe to the notification, therequest comprising the notification type. In another embodiment, thereceived message comprises an application location.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments describedabove can be implemented in conjunction with the embodiment with whichthey are described, and may be implemented in conjunction with otherembodiments of the aspect with which they are described. In someinstances, an embodiment may be implemented in conjunction withcomplementary aspects even if not explicitly described as beingapplicable above.

Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention provides a method bywhich User Plane (UP) management information is exchanged between anApplication Function (AF) supporting one or more applications and aSlice Management Function (SMF) configured to manage traffic flows in agiven slice of the network.

In an implementation, a method is provided for managing protocol dataunit session data traffic on a network, the method comprising a controlplane entity available on the network: receiving an application programinterface (API)-based Application System (AS) location notification froman AS controller, the API-based AS location notification identifying anAS location and data traffic to be associated with the identified ASlocation; and, transmitting an AS location notification to locate theAS.

In an implementation, before the control plane entity transmits the ASlocation notification, the method further comprises the control planeentity authenticating the AS controller. The authenticating the AScontroller may comprise transmitting an authentication request to anauthentication server function (AUSF) available on the network; and,receiving an authentication response from the AUSF indicating anauthentication result in response to the authentication request.

In an implementation, the AS location notification comprises an ASrelocation notification that changes an existing location of a PDUsession.

In an implementation, wherein the AS location notification comprises anAS location notification that establishes a location of a future PDUsession. The AS relocation notification may be transmitted to a sessionmanagement function (SMF) to configure traffic steering for the datatraffic to the relocated AS.

In an implementation, the AS location notification is transmitted to aPolicy Control Function (PCF) to generate a User Plane (UP) selectionpolicy and traffic steering policy for the data traffic.

In an implementation, a method is provided for managing protocol dataunit (PDU) session data traffic exchanged with a User Equipment (UE)connected to a network, the method comprising a control plane entityavailable on the network: receiving a PDU session request from the UE;verifying the UE context and authorizing the session request based onuser subscription data, and if authorized the method further comprises:selecting and setting up a user plane (UP) path for the requested PDUsession; transmitting a PDU session request response to the UE.

In an implementation, the PDU session request includes a session ID.

In an implementation, the PDU session request includes a preferred SSCmode for the requested PDU session.

In an implementation, the PDU session request includes an applicationidentifier indicating the PDU session request is dedicated to anapplication associated with the application identifier.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Further features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in combinationwith the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computing system 100 that may be used forimplementing devices and methods in accordance with representativeembodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an architecture ofa representative server usable in embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating a service-based view of a systemarchitecture of a 5G Core Network;

FIG. 3B illustrates an embodiment of an Application System controllerresponsible for locating, relocating, selecting, or reselecting an ASwithin an AS network.

FIG. 4. is a block diagram schematically illustrating applicationrelocation.

FIG. 5 presents a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of ASlocation or relocation notification.

FIG. 6 presents a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of an UP(re)selection notification request procedure.

FIG. 7 presents a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of an UP(re)selection notification procedure.

FIG. 8 presents a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of aprocedure for an application-friendly PDU session establishment.

FIG. 9 presents a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of anapplication-friendly UP reselection procedure for PDU sessionmodification.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a networkarchitecture.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are signalling diagrams illustrating an embodiment ofapplication-influenced UP selection performed by the SMF as part ofsession establishment.

FIGS. 12A and 12B are signalling diagrams illustrating embodiments of anapplication-influenced UP reselection procedure.

FIG. 13 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment ofapplication (re)location notification service procedure.

FIG. 14 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a UP(Re)selection Notification Service.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating relationships between User PlaneFunctions, Dynamic Network Access Identifiers, and the application hostto indicate the (possibly) implicit selection of a user plane functionresulting from the selection of a Dynamic Network

FIG. 16 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of an AF(re)location notification procedure.

FIG. 17 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of aprocedure for UE-requested PDU Session Establishment for non-roaming androaming with local breakout.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show a signalling diagram illustrating an embodimentof a PDU session anchor reconfiguration due to application relocation.

FIG. 19 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a methodfor PDU session anchor relocation for a PDU session dedicated to an EdgeComputing application.

FIG. 20 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a methodfor PDU session anchor relocation for a PDU session shared by multipleEdge Computing applications.

FIG. 21 is a simplified network diagram is provided illustrating anembodiment of segmented management.

FIG. 22 is a simplified network diagram illustrating segmentedmanagement in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a call flow diagram illustrating respective example processesin accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a call flow diagram illustrating respective example processesin accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 25A-25C are call flow diagrams illustrating respective exampleprocesses in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 26 is a call flow diagrams illustrating a further example processin accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 27A and 27B show call flow diagrams illustrating respectiveprocesses for UP path management notification to an AF in accordancewith example embodiments of the present invention; and

FIGS. 28A and 28B show a call flow diagram illustrating an alternativeprocess for UP path management notification to an AF in accordance withan example embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 29A and 29B show a call flow diagram illustrating a furtheralternative process for UP path management notification to an AF inaccordance with an example embodiment of the present invention; d

FIG. 30 is a flowchart illustrating a process in accordance with anexample embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 31 is a logical block diagram illustrating an example relationshipbetween application location, DNAI and UPF, according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like featuresare identified by like reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Within this application, the term IP address has been used in theexemplary embodiments. It should be understood that in differentembodiments, different identifiers and addresses such as a hardwareaddress, an IP address, a MAC address, or other address a may be used inplace of the IP address where applicable.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computing system 100 that may be used forimplementing the devices and methods disclosed herein. Specific devicesmay utilize all of the components shown or only a subset of thecomponents, and levels of integration may vary from device to device.Furthermore, a device may contain multiple instances of a component,such as multiple processing units, processors, memories, transmitters,receivers, etc. The computing system 100 includes a processing unit 102.Processing unit 102 may also be referred to as an Electronic Device(ED). In some embodiments, processing unit 102 may be a User Equipment(UE), while in other embodiments it may be a computing platform such asa computing server within a data center environment. The processing unit102 typically includes a central processing unit (CPU) 114, a bus 120and a memory 108, and may optionally also include a mass storage device104, a video adapter 110, and an I/O interface 112 (shown in dashedlines). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that CPU 114 isrepresentative of a processing capability. In some embodiments, in placeof a conventional CPU, a specialized processing core may be provided.For example, a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) or other so-calledaccelerated processors (or processing accelerators) may be provided inaddition to or in place of the CPU.

The CPU 114 may comprise any type of electronic data processor. Thememory 108 may comprise any type of non-transitory system memory such asstatic random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM),synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), or a combinationthereof. In an embodiment, the memory 108 may include ROM for use atboot-up, and DRAM for program and data storage for use while executingprograms. The bus 120 may be one or more of any type of several busarchitectures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, or a video bus.

The mass storage 104 may comprise any type of non-transitory storagedevice configured to store data, programs, and other information and tomake the data, programs, and other information accessible via the bus120. The mass storage 104 may comprise, for example, one or more of asolid state drive, hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, or an opticaldisk drive.

The video adapter 110 and the I/O interface 112 provide optionalinterfaces to couple external input and output devices to the processingunit 102. Examples of input and output devices include a display 118coupled to the video adapter 110 and an I/O device 116 such as atouch-screen coupled to the I/O interface 112. Other devices may becoupled to the processing unit 102, and additional or fewer interfacesmay be utilized. For example, a serial interface such as UniversalSerial Bus (USB) (not shown) may be used to provide an interface for anexternal device.

The processing unit 102 may also include one or more network interfaces106, which may comprise wired links, such as an Ethernet cable, and/orwireless links to access one or more networks 122. The networkinterfaces 106 allow the processing unit 102 to communicate with remoteentities via the networks 122. For example, the network interfaces 106may provide wireless communication via one or more transmitters/transmitantennas and one or more receivers/receive antennas. In an embodiment,the processing unit 102 is coupled to a local-area network or awide-area network for data processing and communications with remotedevices, such as other processing units, the Internet, or remote storagefacilities.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an architecture ofa representative server 200 usable in embodiments of the presentinvention. It is contemplated that the server 200 may be physicallyimplemented as one or more computers, storage devices and routers (anyor all of which may be constructed in accordance with the system 100described above with reference to FIG. 1) interconnected together toform a local network or cluster, and executing suitable software toperform its intended functions. Those of ordinary skill will recognizethat there are many suitable combinations of hardware and software thatmay be used for the purposes of the present invention, which are eitherknown in the art or may be developed in the future. For this reason, afigure showing the physical server hardware is not included in thisspecification. Rather, the block diagram of FIG. 2A shows arepresentative functional architecture of a server 200, it beingunderstood that this functional architecture may be implemented usingany suitable combination of hardware and software.

As maybe seen in FIG. 2, the illustrated server 200 generally comprisesa hosting infrastructure 202 and an application platform 204. Thehosting infrastructure 202 comprises the physical hardware resources 206(such as, for example, information processing, traffic forwarding anddata storage resources) of the server 200, and a virtualization layer208 that presents an abstraction of the hardware resources 206 to theApplication Platform 204. The specific details of this abstraction willdepend on the requirements of the applications being hosted by theApplication layer (described below). Thus, for example, an applicationthat provides traffic forwarding functions may be presented with anabstraction of the hardware resources 206 that simplifies theimplementation of traffic forwarding policies in one or more routers.Similarly, an application that provides data storage functions may bepresented with an abstraction of the hardware resources 206 thatfacilitates the storage and retrieval of data (for example usingLightweight Directory Access Protocol—LDAP).

The application platform 204 provides the capabilities for hostingapplications and includes a virtualization manager 210 and applicationplatform services 212. The virtualization manager 210 supports aflexible and efficient multi-tenancy run-time and hosting environmentfor applications 214 by providing Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)facilities. In operation, the virtualization manager 210 may provide asecurity and resource “sandbox” for each application being hosted by theplatform 204. Each “sandbox” may be implemented as a Virtual Machine(VM) 216, or as a virtualized container, that may include an appropriateoperating system and controlled access to (virtualized) hardwareresources 206 of the server 200. The application-platform services 212provide a set of middleware application services and infrastructureservices to the applications 214 hosted on the application platform 204,as will be described in greater detail below.

Applications 214 from vendors, service providers, and third-parties maybe deployed and executed within a respective Virtual Machine 216. Forexample, MANO and SONAC (and its various functions such as SDT, SDP, andSDRA) may be implemented by means of one or more applications 214 hostedon the application platform 204 as described above. Communicationbetween applications 214 and services in the server 200 may convenientlybe designed according to the principles of Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA) known in the art.

Communication services 218 may allow applications 214 hosted on a singleserver 200 to communicate with the application-platform services 212(through pre-defined Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) forexample) and with each other (for example through a service-specificAPI).

A Service registry 220 may provide visibility of the services availableon the server 200. In addition, the service registry 220 may presentservice availability (e.g. status of the service) together with therelated interfaces and versions. This may be used by applications 214 todiscover and locate the end-points for the services they require, and topublish their own service end-point for other applications to use.

Mobile-edge Computing allows cloud application services to be hostedalongside mobile network elements, and also facilitates leveraging ofthe available real-time network and radio information. NetworkInformation Services (NIS) 222 may provide applications 214 withlow-level network information. For example, the information provided byNIS 222 may be used by an application 214 to calculate and presenthigh-level and meaningful data such as: cell-ID, location of thesubscriber, cell load and throughput guidance.

A Traffic Off-Load Function (TOF) service 224 may prioritize traffic,and route selected, policy-based, user-data streams to and fromapplications 214. The TOF service 224 may be supplied to applications224 in various ways, including: A Pass-through mode where (uplink and/ordownlink) traffic is passed to an application 214 which can monitor,modify or shape it and then send it back to the original Packet DataNetwork (PDN) connection (e.g. 3GPP bearer); and an End-point mode wherethe traffic is terminated by the application 214 which acts as a server.

FIG. 3A illustrates a service-based architecture 300 for a 5G or NextGeneration Core Network (5GCN/NGCN/NCN). This illustration depictslogical connections between nodes and functions, and its illustratedconnections should not be interpreted as direct physical connections. ED102 forms a radio access network connection with a (Radio) AccessNetwork ((R)AN) node 302 (which may, for example, be an gNodeB (gNB)),which is connected to a User Plane (UP) Function (UPF) 304 such as a UPGateway over a network interface providing a defined interface such asan N3 interface. UPF 304 provides a logical connection to a Data Network(DN) 306 over a network interface such as an N6 interface. The radioaccess network connection between the ED 102 and the (R)AN node 302 maybe referred to as a Data Radio Bearer (DRB).

DN 306 may be a data network used to provide an operator service, or itmay be outside the scope of the standardization of the Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), such as the Internet, a network used toprovide third party service, and in some embodiments DN 306 mayrepresent an Edge Computing network or resource, such as a Mobile EdgeComputing (MEC) network.

ED 102 also connects to the Access and Mobility Management Function(AMF) 308 through a logical N1 connection (although the physical path ofthe connection is not direct). The AMF 308 is responsible forauthentication and authorization of access requests, as well as mobilitymanagement functions. The AMF 308 may perform other roles and functionsas defined by the 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 23.501. In a servicebased view, AMF 308 can communicate with other core network controlplane functions through a service based interface denoted as Namf.

The Session Management Function (SMF) 310 is a network function that isresponsible for the allocation and management of IP addresses that areassigned to an ED as well as the selection of a UPF 304 (or a particularinstance of a UPF 304) for traffic associated with a particular sessionof ED 102. It will be appreciated that there will typically be multipleSMFs 310 in the network 300, each of which may be associated with arespective group of EDs 102, (R)AN nodes 302 or UPFs 304. The SMF 310can communicate with other core network functions, in a service basedview, through a service based interface denoted as Nsmf. The SMF 310 mayalso connect to a UPF 304 through a logical interface such as networkinterface N4.

The Authentication Server Function (AUSF) 312, provides authenticationservices to other network functions over a service based Nausfinterface.

A Network Exposure Function (NEF) 314 can be deployed in the network toallow servers, functions and other entities such as those outside atrusted domain to have exposure to services and capabilities within thenetwork. In one such example, an NEF 314 can act much like a proxybetween an application server outside the illustrated network andnetwork functions such as the Policy Control Function (PCF) 314, the SMF310, the UDM 320, and the AMF 308, so that the external applicationserver can provide information that may be of use in the setup of theparameters associated with a data session. The NEF 314 can communicatewith other network functions through a service based Nnef networkinterface. The NEF 314 may also have an interface to non-3GPP functions.

A Network Repository Function (NRF) 318, provides network servicediscovery functionality. The NRF 318 may be specific to the Public LandMobility Network (PLMN) or network operator, with which it isassociated. The service discovery functionality can allow networkfunctions and EDs connected to the network to determine where and how toaccess existing network functions, and may present the service basedinterface Nnrf.

PCF 314 communicates with other network functions over a service basedNpcf interface, and can be used to provide policy and rules to othernetwork functions, including those within the control plane. Enforcementand application of the policies and rules is not necessarily theresponsibility of the PCF 314, and is instead typically theresponsibility of the functions to which the PCF 314 transmits thepolicy. In one such example the PCF 314 may transmit policy associatedwith session management to the SMF 310. This may be used to allow for aunified policy framework with which network behavior can be governed.

A Unified Data Management Function (UDM) 320 can present a service basedNudm interface to communicate with other network functions, and canprovide data storage facilities to other network functions. Unified datastorage can allow for a consolidated view of network information thatcan be used to ensure that the most relevant information can be madeavailable to different network functions from a single resource. Thiscan make implementation of other network functions easier, as they donot need to determine where a particular type of data is stored in thenetwork. The UDM 320 may employ an interface, such as Nudr to connect toa User Data Repository (UDR) 322. The PCF 314 may be associated with theUDM 320 because it may be involved with requesting and providingsubscription policy information to the UDR, but it should be understoodthat typically the PCF 314 and the UDM 320 are independent functions.

The PCF 314 may have a direct interface to the UDR 322 or can use Nudrinterface to connection with UDR 322. The UDM 320 can receive requeststo retrieve content stored in the UDR 322, or requests to store contentin the UDR 322. The UDM 320 is typically responsible for functionalitysuch as the processing of credentials, location management andsubscription management. The UDR 322 may also support any or all ofAuthentication Credential Processing, User Identification handling,Access Authorization, Registration/Mobility management, subscriptionmanagement, and Short Message Service (SMS) management. The UDR 322 istypically responsible for storing data provided by the UDM 320. Thestored data is typically associated with policy profile information(which may be provided by PCF 314) that governs the access rights to thestored data. In some embodiments, the UDR 322 may store policy data, aswell as user subscription data which may include any or all ofsubscription identifiers, security credentials, access and mobilityrelated subscription data and session related data.

The Application Function (AF) 324 represents the non-data plane (alsoreferred to as the non-user plane) functionality of an applicationdeployed within a network operator domain and within a 3GPP compliantnetwork. The AF 324 interacts with other core network functions througha service based Naf interface, and may access network capabilityexposure information, as well as provide application information for usein decisions such as traffic routing. The AF 324 can also interact withfunctions such as the PCF 314 to provide application specific input intopolicy and policy enforcement decisions. It should be understood that inmany situations the AF 324 does not provide network services to otherNFs, and instead is often viewed as a consumer or user of servicesprovided by other NFs. An application outside the 3GPP network, canperform many of the same functions as AF 324 through the use of NEF 314.

The ED 102 communicates with network functions that are in the UserPlane (UP) 326, and the Control Plane (CP) 328. The UPF 304 is a part ofthe CN UP 326 (DN 306 being outside the 5GCN). (R)AN node 302 may beconsidered as a part of a User Plane, but because it is not strictly apart of the CN, it is not considered to be a part of the CN UP 326. AMF308, SMF 310, AUSF 312, NEF 314, NRF 318, PCF 314, and UDM 320 arefunctions that reside within the CN CP 328, and are often referred to asControl Plane Functions. AF 324 may communicate with other functionswithin CN CP 328 (either directly or indirectly through the NEF 314),but is typically not considered to be a part of the CN CP 328.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that there may be a pluralityof UPFs connected in series between the (R)AN node 302 and the DN 306,and multiple data sessions to different DNs can be accommodated throughthe use of multiple UPFs in parallel.

FIG. 3B illustrates a portion of the wireless communication network 300in which UE 102 is connected to the Core Network (CN) Control Plane (CP)328 and to the CN User Plane (UP) 326 via Access Node (AN) 302. CN CP328 includes Unified Data Management (UDM) function 320, whichcommunicates with the Management Plane 330.

An Application System (AS) controller 332 is responsible for locating,relocating, selecting, or reselecting an AS within an AS network 334.The AS controller 332 is connected to the CN CP 328 through the NetworkExposure Function (NEF) 314.

The CN CP 328 is operative to manage the logical location of resourceswithin the 3GPP domain. An Application Server, or Application System ofthe AS network 334 is managed by the AS controller 332. The trafficsteering capability, or interconnection quality (e.g. measured bythroughput, delay, loading such as PDU sessions), between the CN UP 326and the AS is provided to the CN CP 328 by network functions within themanagement plane 330 and information associated with these capabilitiesand connection quality parameters can be stored in the UDM 320. Thetraffic steering capability information may be used by the CP 328 toestablish an efficient end-to-end path between communicating parties.

The CN CP 328 communicates with a connected UE 102 through an interfaceNG1, and to the AN 302 that provides connectivity through interface NG2.The AN 302 communicates with the CN UP 326 through interface NG3. The CNUP 326 is controlled by the CN CP 328 through interface NG4. Theinterfaces NG1, NG2, NG3, and NG4 are described in more detail, and aredefined by the 3GPP mobile broadband standards. Those skilled in the artwill appreciate that variations to the specific definition of theseinterfaces can be made without departing from the invention disclosedherein. Specific terms of definition of these interfaces can be found inpublicly accessible documents (see, for instance, www.3gpp.org forhistorical and current standard documents).

The CN CP 328 is responsible for configuring traffic steering at theUser Plane (UP) Gateway (GW) 336 for routing UpLink (UL) applicationtraffic to the proper AS location, possibly taking into account possibleintrasession AS (re)location.

The AS network 334 is responsible for steering DownLink (DL) applicationtraffic to the proper UP GW 336 possibly taking into account possibleintrasession UP (re)selection.

The traffic steering conducted by the AS network 334 may be configuredby the AS controller 332. In some embodiments, the traffic steeringconducted by the AS network 334 may be configured by, or realizedthrough, upper level mobility management mechanisms within the ASnetwork 334 itself. In the example of FIG. 3B, the line connecting theUP GW 336 to the AS network 334 indicates a linkage connecting the CN UP326 to the AS network 334 which is realized through traffic steering.The following signalling diagrams in this application describeimplementations which are focussed on the interaction between the CN UP326 and the AS network 334 to enable application aware PDU sessionmanagement for application traffic using an efficient end-to-end path.

The network architecture illustrated in FIG. 3B, provides the interfacethat may be necessary to enable interaction between the CP 328 (or nodesand functions within the CP) and the AS controller 332. This interfacecan be used to enable application aware PDU session management for theapplication traffic that requires efficient end-to-end pathing.

In broad terms embodiments of the present invention provide methods bywhich User Plane (UP) management information can be exchanged between anApplication Function (AF) supporting one or more applications and aSession Management Function (SMF). The AF is typically a functionoutside a 3GPP-compliant network (in some examples this may be a serveror set of servers providing a service to UEs connected to the 3GPPcompliant network, while in other examples the AF may be a functioninstantiated within a Mobile Edge Computing environment outside the 3GPPcompliant Core Network or outside a 3GPP compliant RAN). In someembodiments, the AF is referred to as an AS controller. An AF may be afunction outside the scope of a 3GPP standard. An AF may be instantiatedon an Application Server outside the 3GPP core network, and may operateas a controller responsible for functions such as AS (re)location (or,AS (re)selection) within the local DN.

The SMF is a 3GPP compliant network function, typically within a ControlPlane (CP), configured to manage traffic flows which are typicallywithin a given slice of the network. In simple terms, the exchange of UPmanagement information associated with a particular traffic flow may beinitiated from either the AF associated with the traffic flow or theSMF. In the case of AF-initiated information exchange, the UP managementinformation provided by the AF may comprise traffic requirements ofapplications supported by the AF. In the case of SMF-initiatedinformation exchange, the UP management information provided by the SMFmay comprise operator policy information or events, and the AF mayrespond with information of traffic requirements of applicationssupported by the AF. In some embodiments, other network entities maytrigger this process by transmitting a message to the SMF, and the SMFmay initiate the process in response to receipt of such a request.

An Application Function may send requests to influence SMF routingdecisions for traffic of PDU sessions. The AF requests may influence UPF(re)selection and allow routeing user traffic to a local access to aData Network (identified by a Data Network Access Identifier (DNAI)).

The Application Function issuing such requests is assumed to belong tothe PLMN serving the UE. The Application Function may issue requests onbehalf of applications not owned by the PLMN serving the UE.

If the operator does not allow an Application Function to access thenetwork directly, the Application Function shall use the NEF to interactwith the 5GC. This operation may follow provisions of relevant technicalstandards, such as, for example, clause 6.2.10 of 3GPP TechnicalStandard TS 23.501 V0.3.1 (March 2017). In embodiments where the AF doesnot access the network directly, a NEF may be provided to provide aninterface to allow the AF to access the CP functions of the network.While a trusted AF may be provided the ability to interact with CN CPfunctions, it is likely that there will be too many functions in somenetworks to provide access to CP functions to each of them. Instead, theNEF may serve as a proxy for AFs outside the CN to exchange informationwith CP functions. Through the use of an NEF, an AF can be provided witha pathway to communicate with a CP function, but may not directly knowthe address or network name of the function with which it iscommunicating.

The Application Function may be in charge of the (re)selection orrelocation of the applications within the local DN. For this purpose,the AF may request to receive notifications about events related withPDU sessions.

In some embodiments, for an AF allowed to interact directly with the 5GCNFs, AF requests regarding on-going PDU sessions of individual UEs, maybe sent to the PCF via N5. In some embodiments, the AF requests may besent via the NEF. Requests that target multiple UE(s) may be sent viathe NEF and may target multiple PCF(s).The PCF can then transform the AFrequests into policies that apply to PDU sessions. Those skilled in theart will appreciate that the transformation of an AF request into policymay be achieved in a number of different ways including the generationof a policy that can be transmitted by the PCF to a UPF or a set of UPFsthat governs the handling of traffic associated with identified flowswithin a session, the generation of the policy being performed inaccordance with the received AF request. When the AF has subscribed toSMF notifications, such notifications may be sent to the AF directly orvia the NEF.

The PCF may also subscribe to such notifications.

Such AF requests may contain at least:

Information to identify the traffic to be routed. The traffic can beidentified in the AF request by:

-   Either a Data Network Number (DNN) or other sort of DN identifier    and possibly slicing information (e.g. Single Network Slice    Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI) or an    AF-Service-Identifier.-   When the AF provides an AF-Service-Identifier i.e. an identifier of    the service on behalf of which the AF is issuing the request, a 5G    Core Network Function (e.g. the NEF or PCF) may map this identifier    into a target DNN and slicing information (S-NSSAI)-   When the NEF processes the AF request the AF-Service-Identifier may    be used to authorize the AF request.-   an application identifier or traffic filtering information (e.g. an    IP address 5-tuple). The application identifier refers to an    application handling UP traffic and may be used by the UPF to detect    the traffic of the application. The AF may also associate Packet    Filter Descriptions (PFDs) with the application identifier, but this    association may be done via a separate request.-   Information about the N6 traffic routing requirements for traffic    identified by the information above. It should be understood that N6    refers to the interface between a UPF and a DN external to the CN.    This information about the traffic routing requirements may be    provided in the form of a list of routing profile ID(s) that each    corresponds to a single host location of the application in the    local DN, when applications are instantiated statically (i.e. the    routing profile IDs each correspond to a DNAI). When the DNAI(s)    where applications are instantiated may vary dynamically then, this    may be provided in the form of a list of DNAIs and associated N6    routing information. Based on the information about the N6 traffic    routing requirements, which in some embodiments may comprise the    routing profile IDs, the PCF determines a list of traffic steering    profiles ID(s) that each corresponds to a steering behaviour which    is preconfigured on the SMF or UPF. The PCF transmits the traffic    steering policy ID(s) to the SMF. The traffic steering policy ID(s)    are related to the mechanism enabling traffic steering to the DN. If    the AF interacts with the PCF via the NEF, it may indicate the DNN    and/or the host location(s), in the form of address(es) or name(s),    of the application, and the NEF may map the information to routing    profile ID(s). In an embodiment, the SMF is operative to receive the    traffic steering policy ID(s) and to determine which of the traffic    steering policy ID(s), and the corresponding traffic steering    behaviors, should be applied. The SMF passes the selected traffic    steering policy ID(s) to the UPF. In an embodiment, the UPF is    operative to identify corresponding traffic steering parameters that    are pre-configured and are associated with the selected traffic    steering policy ID(s). The UPF is further operative to apply the    corresponding traffic steering parameters when handling data    traffic.

The N6 traffic routing requirements are related to the mechanismenabling traffic steering in the local access to the DN. They areexpected to correspond to local rules configured in the UPFs in order tosupport traffic steering. The routing profile IDs may refer to apre-agreed policy between the AF and the 5GC, or in an alternateembodiment they may simply refer to a predefined routing requirement.This policy may refer to different steering policy ID(s) sent to theSMF. In some implementations, the policies may be based on otherconditions, such as temporal conditions (e.g. based on time of the day,etc.)

Potential locations of the applications towards which the trafficrouting should apply. The potential location of an application is, ormay be, expressed as a list of DNAI(s). In some embodiments, when the AFinteracts with the PCF via the NEF, the AF may provide the PCF or NEFwith a list of host address(es) or host name(s) of the applications,which is translated to a list of DNAI(s) by the NEF. In someembodiments, when the AF interacts with the PCF via the NEF, the NEF maymap the AF-Service-Identifier information provided by the AF to a listof DNAI(s). In either case, the DNAIs may, for example, be used for UPF(re)selection.

AF requests may also contain:

-   Information on the UE(s) for which traffic is to be routed. This may    correspond to Individual UEs identified using either an External    Identifier such as those defined in TS23.682, or a MSISDN as    described in TS23.003, or an IP address/Prefix, or may correspond to    a group of UEs identified by a Group Identifier, e.g. an External    Group Identifier such as those defined in TS23.682, or any UE that    the request applies to that is accessing a combination of DNN,    S-NSSAI, and DNAI(s), as may be identified by an indicator. In a    case or an embodiment in which the PDU type is IP, when the AF    provides an IP address/Prefix of a UE this allows the PCF to    identify the PDU-CAN session for which this request applies, and the    AF request applies only to the current PDU-CAN session of that UE.    In this case, additional information such as the UE identity may    also be provided to help the PCF to identify the correct PDU-CAN    session.-   Otherwise the request may apply to any future PDU session that    matches the parameters in the AF request.    -   When the AF request targets any UE or a group of UE, the AF        request is likely to influence multiple PDU sessions possibly        served by multiple SMFs and PCFs.    -   When the AF request targets a group of UEs it provides one or        several Group Identifiers in its request. In some embodiments        members of the group have the group information in their        subscription (i.e. a Group Identifier) stored in the UDM. In an        implementation, the group information may be retrieved by the        SMF, for instance over N10 interface, and passed to the PCF, for        instance over N7 interface, at PDU-CAN session set-up. This        implementation allows the Group Identifier to also be provided        to the AMF, for instance over N8 interface. In some embodiments,        the Group Identifier may be stored in the UDR (acting as a        Subscription Profile Repository “SPR”) as PCF non-standard data.        In some embodiments a UE can belong to multiple groups.-   Information on when the traffic routing is to apply (e.g. a temporal    validity condition). Use of a temporal validity condition allows for    an expiry time to be associated with the AF request, or allows for    the condition to apply during defined time windows. These defined    time windows can be repeating or one-off.-   Information on where (spatial validity condition) the UE(s) are to    be when the traffic routing applies. In an embodiment, this is    provided in the form of geographic or topological indentifers such    as RAN node identifiers, indicating the possible serving RAN nodes    of the UE(s) when the traffic routing applies. If the AF interacts    with the PCF via the NEF, it provides, or in some embodiments may    provide, a list of geographic zone identifier(s), and the NEF maps    the information to RAN node identifiers. In an embodiment, spatial    validity conditions can be provided in the form of area(s) of    interest. Area(s) of interest may include, for instance, a    geographical area or as a topological area defining the area of    interest with respect to a network topology. An area of interest may    be specified using a spatial identifier such as a tracking area ID,    (R)AN node ID, cell ID, etc. If the AF interacts with the PCF via    the NEF, it may provide a list of geographic zone identifier(s) and    the NEF can map the information to areas of interest based on    pre-configured information. The pre-configuration may be done by a    management plane function. The pre-configuration may include the    mapping of zone ID→zone information/configuration→area of interest    (or RAN node ID(s) or cell ID(s)).-   Alternatively, in a separate procedure that happened previously, the    AF may provide the information of mapping of Zone ID→zone    info/configuration to the NEF, and the management plane function    configures the NEF with information of RAN node or cell location    information or pre-defined areas of interest information. The NEF    can use the information provided by the AF and the information    provided by the management plane (both are pre-configured    information) to do the mapping.-   AF subscription to following events.-   Notifications about UP path management events: A change of DNAI for    the UPF serving the UE at the time of the change of the UPF. The    corresponding notification about a change from source DNAI to target    DNAI sent by the SMF to the AF includes the Identity of the target    DNAI and the address of the anchor UPF. In some embodiments, the    notification may also include the IP address/prefix of the UE, the    UE identity information (e.g. either an External Identifier or a    MSISDN) and the N6 routing information related to the core network.-   In some embodiments, the UE identify information and/or the N6    routing information related to the core network may not be required    if the PDU session type is IP.

The subscription can be for early notification and/or late notification.In case of a subscription for early notification, the SMF sends thenotification before executing the UPF (re)selection. In case of asubscription for late notification, the SMF sends the notification whenthe UPF (re)selection has completed.

An Application Function may send requests to influence SMF routingdecisions, for event subscription or for both.

The PCF, based on information received from the AF, operator's policy,etc. authorizes the request received from the application function anddetermines the traffic steering policy. The traffic steering policy mayindicate a list of suitable traffic steering profiles configured in SMF,and in some embodiments the traffic steering policy may include the N6routing information, for example, in cases where the N6 routinginformation associated with the application is explicitly provided bythe AF. A traffic steering profile may include the routing profile ID itsupports and/or the corresponding Data Network Access Identifier (DNAI).The DNAIs are related to the information considered by SMF for UPFselection, e.g. for diverting (locally) some traffic matching trafficfilters provided by the PCF.

The PCF acknowledges the request to the AF or to the NEF.

In the session establishment procedure, the UE may provide applicationidentifiers in the session request, indicating that the PDU session isintended or dedicated for the application identified by the applicationidentifier(s). When the DNN in the session request points to a local DNand when an application identifier is included in the session request,the SMF may initiate 3^(rd) party authentication/authorization, asdescribed in clause 5.6.6, TS23.501, to validate the application access.

During the PDU session establishment procedure (an embodiment of whichis shown in FIG. 28A), the SMF may obtain subscription group information(e.g. IMSI-Group Identifier) from the UDR via the UDM (e.g. steps 2806and 2808). The SMF provides the application identifier (if available)and the subscription group the information to the PCF (e.g. step 2814 or2818) for applying operator policy.

For PDU-CAN sessions that correspond to the AF request, the PCF providesthe SMF with PCC rules that may contain application information (i.e.application identifier), and/or information about the DNAI(s) towardswhich the traffic routing should apply, and/or a list of trafficsteering profile IDs, and/or spatial validity conditions, and/orinformation on AF subscription to SMF events. In embodiments where theN6 routing information associated to the application is explicitlyprovided in the AF request, the PCF may also provide the N6 routinginformation to the SMF as part of PCC rules. This is done by providingpolicies at PDU-CAN session set-up or by initiating a PDU-CAN SessionModification procedure. In some embodiments, the PCF periodicallyevaluates the temporal validity condition of the AF request and informsthe SMF to activate or deactivate the corresponding PCC rules accordingto the evaluation result.

If the activated PCC rules contain spatial validity conditions, the SMFsubscribes to receive UE mobility information from the AMF, associatedwith the UE entering or leaving the areas of interest specified in thespatial validity conditions. The SMF uses the UE mobility informationand the spatial validity conditions to determine whether the PCC rulesare valid for the application.

When the PCC rules are valid, the SMF may, based on local policies, takethe information in the PCC rules into account to:

-   (re)select UPF(s) for PDU sessions. The SMF is responsible to handle    the mapping between the UE location (TAI/Cell-Id) and DNAI(s)    associated with UPF and applications. The SMF is responsible of the    selection of the UPF(s) that serve a PDU session. This operation may    follow provisions of relevant technical standards, such as, for    example, clause 6.3.3 of 3GPP Technical Standard TS 23.501 V0.3.1    (March 2017)-   activate mechanisms for traffic multi-homing or enforcement of an UL    Classifier (UL CL). Such mechanisms may follow provisions of    relevant technical standards, such as, for example, clause 5.3.5 of    3GPP Technical Standard TS 23.501 V0.3.1 (March 2017). This may    include providing the UPF with traffic forwarding (e.g. break-out)    rules and the associated N6 routing information if the N6 routing    information is part of the PCC rules. A traffic forwarding rule may    include an application identifier and a traffic steering policy ID.    The application identifier refers to application traffic detection    rules configured at the UPF. In an embodiment, an application header    may be used to associate the application identifier with the    application traffic detection rules.-   inform the Application Function of the (re)selection of the UP path    (e.g. change of DNAI and PDU session location).

The SMF may configure the UPF to report detection of applicationtraffic. According to the configuration, upon application trafficdetection the UPF notifies the SMF about the respective applicationidentifier. The SMF may use the reported application identifier andother information to obtain PCC rules from the PCF to apply AF influenceon traffic routing to the PDU session. Accordingly, the SMF may apply aconfiguration to the UPF to configure traffic handling policies basedupon rules and configurations associated with the AF as identified bythe reported application identifier.In some embodiements, the SMF mayreselect a new UPF and configure the new UPF for handling theapplication traffic.

In some embodiments, when the UE provides an application identifierduring the establishment of a PDU session, the SMF may be operative totransmit the application identifier to the DN. In some implementations,the SMF may be operative to transmit the application identifier to theauthentication/authorization entity for the DN. A network node, entity,or function within the DN may be operative to performapplication-specific authentication/authorization based on the receivedapplication identifier. In alternative embodiments, the applicationidentifier is not provided by the SMF to network node, entity, orfunction within the DN as an input. Instead, the network node, entity,or function within the DN returns a list of application identifiers tothe SMF. In this case the SMF must verify the application identifierprovided by the UE against the application. These embodiments differ inthat the application identifier is provided to the DN as an input to theauthentication/authorization process. As a result, theauthentication/authorization may be application-specific identifier listreturned by the DN in order to provide application-specificauthorization.

FIG. 4 illustrates a scenario of application relocation within avirtualized environment, where the application App-1 (e.g. an videostreaming application) is relocated in three steps, for example, due toloading issues. The first step takes place within the DNAI-1 and isinvisible to the 5GC. The 5GC reselects DNAI-2 (changing from theinitial DNAI-1) in response to the relocation step 2, and then the 5GCreselects UPF-2 (changing from UPF-1) and DNAI-2 (changing from DNAI-2)with respect to the application relocation step 3. The third stephappens across the Data Center-A and the Data Center-B. The moving ofthe application function to the second data center is an event that cantrigger UPF reselection.

Two embodiments for triggering UPF/DNAI reselection are discussed below.

In a first embodiment, a DNAI is used without AF influence on trafficrouting. In this case, AF influence on traffic routing (i.e. UPFreselection/traffic steering reconfiguration) may be realized afterdetection of application traffic at the UPF or in the DN. That is, theUPF or the AF may transmit a notification towards a control planefunction indicating that a session contains data traffic associated withthe application (“application traffic detection”) by transmitting, forexample, a traffic steering reselection request. In some embodiments,this may be performed by an AF transmitting a request or notificationtowards the SMF, optionally through interaction with the NEF. In otherexamples a UPF may transmit the request or notification in response todetection of traffic in a session with an application function within aDN accessed through the UPF. In response to receipt of the trafficsteering reselection request, the control plane entity can eitherrequest or invoke a traffic steering reselection process (sometimesreferred to as “triggering” traffic steering reselection). In someembodiments, the AF may further transmit a UPF reselection request tothe control plane entity of the control plane to reselect the UPF(sometimes referred to as “triggering” UPF reselection). End-to-end pathefficiency is thus applied to only portion of the traffic associatedwith the PDU session.

In a second embodiment, DNAI is used with AF influence on trafficrouting. In this embodiment, the UE provides an application identifierto the SMF as a part of the session request. This application identifiermay be associated with a PDU session identifier, indicating that the PDUsession is intended for or dedicated to traffic associated with theapplication. This identifier may be used to indicate to functions in theUP path that particular traffic handling policies or rules, or aparticular traffic routing policy should be applied. This allows a UPFfunction to be configured by a control plane function by sending atraffic handling policy indicating how any or all traffic flows with aparticular identifier should be handled For example, a traffic routingpolicy may be defined that ensures that data traffic associated with thePDU session is routed through a defined path through the CN towards, oraway from, the DN associated with the application.

End-to-end path efficiency may therefore offered to the applicationtraffic from the very beginning of the relocation process. In someembodiments, if the UE uses the same PDU session for both the identifiedapplication and another application, the UP path may be not be optimallyefficient for the other application. In these cases improved pathefficiency can be achieved after detection of the application trafficassociated with the other application. In some such embodiments, the UPFor the AF, may determine that the session contains traffic associatedwith another application (or application function) and a control planefunction (such as the SMF) may be notified of the detected applicationtraffic to trigger the control plane function to reselect trafficsteering, as described in the first embodiment.

As an example, the second embodiment may be applied when the UE wants toaccess an application in a local DN that has strict requirement onend-to-end path efficiency. The first embodiment, for instance, may beapplied in other scenarios (i.e. where the application's end-to-end pathefficiency requirements fall below a pre-determined threshold).

When an application identifier is provided by the UE, the SMF mayinitiate 3rd party authentication/authorization for the use of the PDUsession for the application. 3^(rd) party authentication/authorizationmay be useful as application-specific UP management can be applied tothe PDU session in accordance with the application identifier. The3^(rd) party authentication/authorization may avoid situations in whichthe information received from the UE (e.g. the application identifier)cannot be relied upon. For instance, a 3rd partyauthentication/authorization mechanism described in 5.6.6, TS23.501 usesthe user plane for information exchange or communication between the SMFand the 3rd party authentication/authorization function. In anembodiment, the present application proposes to extend the mechanism toallow 3rd party authentication/authorization to be carried out via theNEF (which may allow for the 3^(rd) party authentication/authorization,to be carried out in an extended control plane). By allowing accessthrough the NEF, depending upon the level of access provided, the 3rdparty authentication/authorization function may be able to performequivalent functions to an AF. This embodiment provides additionalfunctionality to support cases where the 3rd partyauthentication/authorization function is not located in the DN. In animplementation, the NEF provides the interface and functionality toprovide the 3^(rd) party authentication/authorization function with thecapability to act as an AF.

At the establishment of a PDU Session to a DN:

-   -   In some embodiments, the UE may be authenticated/authorized by a        third party, which may be located in the DN, e.g. a DN-AAA        server.

-   If the UE provides authentication/authorization information during    the establishment of the

PDU session, and the SMF determines that third-partyauthentication/authorization of the PDU session establishment isrequired based on the DN policy or local configuration, the SMF passesthe authentication/authorization information of the UE to the thirdparty. In an embodiment, if the third party is located in the DN, theinformation can be passed to the third party in the DN through the UPF.In an embodiment, if the third party is not in the DN, the informationcan be passed to the third party via the NEF. When the NEF is used, thethird party can behave as an AF. If the SMF determines that third partyauthentication/authorization of the PDU session establishment isrequired but the UE has not provided authentication/authorizationinformation, then the SMF may reject the PDU session establishment.

-   In an implementation, the third party may authenticate/authorize the    PDU session establishment and return the    authentication/authorization result to the SMF via the UPF. In an    implementation, the third party may authenticate/authorize the PDU    session establishment and return the authentication/authorization    result to the SMF via the NEF.-   If the UE provides to the SMF an application identifier during the    establishment of the PDU session, the SMF can pass the application    identifier to the third party. The third party may perform    application-specific authentication/authorization according to the    application identifier.-   The SMF may determine whether to use the UPF or the NEF for third    party authentication and/or authorization according to DN policy,    local configuration, and/or the application identifier provided by    the UE.-   Such DN authentication and/or authorization takes place for the    purpose of PDU session authorization in addition to:-   The 5GC access authentication handled by AMF (In an embodiment the    authentication may be performed according to the method described in    clause 5.2 of TS 23.501).-   The PDU session authorization with regard to subscription data    retrieved from UDM enforced by SMF.

Based on local policies the SMF may initiate DN authentication and/orauthorization as a part of the PDU session establishment.

If the UE provides an application identifier during the establishment ofthe PDU session and if the UPF is used for third-partyauthentication/authorization, the traffic steering at the UPF can beconfigured according to the application identifier. If the UE providesan application identifier during the establishment of the PDU sessionand if the NEF is used for third-party authentication/authorization, theSMF transmit the DNN, the S-NSSAI and the application identifier to theNEF, at which point the NEF can select the AF (e.g. the third-partyauthentication/authorization function) according to the informationtransmitted by the SMF (e.g. the received DNN, S-NSSAI, and theapplication identifier).

The UE may provide, over NAS, SM information required to support userauthentication by the third party.

In some embodiments, when SMF adds an PDU session anchor (such as thePDU session anchor defined in clause 5.6.4 of TS 23.501) to a PDUsession third-party authentication and/or authorization may not becarried out. In some embodiments, SMF policies may require the SMF tonotify the third party when a new IP address has been added to orremoved from a PDU session, or when an existing IP address associatedwith a session has been changed through the modification or replacementof a prefix.

An indication of PDU session establishment rejection can be transmittedby SMF to the UE via NAS SM.

In some embodiments, a third party may revoke the authorization for aPDU session. In some embodiments, the third party may revoke theauthorization for a PDU session at any point in time.

Referring to FIG. 5, a signalling diagram is presented illustrating anembodiment of AS location or relocation notification.

In step 500 the NEF 314 receives an application program interface(API)-based AS location, or relocation, notification from the AScontroller 332. In the figures the term (re)location refers to either alocation notification or a relocation notification. The term(re)selection similarly refers to either selection, or reselection, asthe case may be.

The notification may include the AS location(s) suitable for use in, andthat may be to be taken in account during, UP selection, or reselectionas the case may be. In the case of an AS relocation for an existingsession, the notification may indicate the new AS location(s) to be usedfrom this point forward. The notification may include some or all of thefollowing features:

The AS location(s), which may be specified using network addresses suchas IP address, MAC address, or some other type of known addressidentifying information.

A traffic steering indicator, which indicates whether the trafficsteering from UP 326 to the AS should be configured by the CP or ishandled by the AS network 334.

Time information indicating when the AS (re)location is applied. In one,non-limiting, embodiment, the time information is empty, which impliesthat the AS (re)location proceeds immediately.

UE location information indicating that the AS (re)location is appliedwhen the UE 102 is present within the specified location (e.g.,geographic location). In one, non-limiting, embodiment, the locationinformation is empty, which implies that the AS (re)location proceedswithout considering the UE location.

A traffic filter that indicates the traffic to which the AS (re)locationmay apply. The traffic may belong to ongoing PDU sessions (ongoingtraffic) or future PDU sessions (future traffic). The traffic filterincludes an application indicator, which indicates the application towhich the traffic is associated, and a UE indicator, which identifiesthe UE 5 to which the traffic is associated.

The UE indicator may be the IP address associated with the traffic. Inthis case, the traffic is ongoing traffic, and the AS controller 332learns the IP address from the AS. The UE indicator may also be a UE IDthat is allocated by the CP 328 and exposed to the AS controller 332through the NEF 314. In this case, the traffic may include both ongoingtraffic and future traffic.

Optionally, the UE indicator indicates more than one UE 102.Furthermore, the traffic filter may not include any UE indicator, whichimplies that the AS (re)location applies to traffic of any (i.e. all) UE102 that meets the criteria defined by the traffic filter.

In an implementation, the received location information may comprise ageographic location. The NEF 314 may be operative to convert thereceived geographic location into a location associated with the networktopology, such as a corresponding cell ID, and to forward to the SMF 310or the PCF 314 the cell ID as the UE location through the AS(re)location notification. In an implementation, the NEF 314 may beoperative to forward the geographic location to the SMF 310 or the PCF314 as the UE location.

Next, in step 502 the NEF 314 sends an authentication request to theAuthentication Service Function (AUSF) 312 if the AS controller 332 isnot located in the trusted domain. The authentication request mayinclude the identity information of the AS controller 332 if the AScontroller identity information is provided by the AS controller 332 inthe API-based AS (re)location notification step 500.

In optional step 504 (shown with a dashed line), the AUSF 312 obtainsthe identity of the AS controller 332. Step 504 is performed if theauthentication request in step 502 does not include the AS controlleridentity.

In step 506 the AUSF 314 authenticates the AS controller 332 and sendsan authentication response to the NEF 314. The authentication responseindicates the authentication result.

If the authentication is successful, the NEF 314 validates thenotification and performs the next steps, which are determined based onwhether the AS relocation applies to ongoing traffic or to future PDUsessions.

In an implementation, the procedure includes only one of procedure 508(AS relocation for ongoing PDU sessions) and procedure 510 (AS(re)location for future PDU sessions). In one implementation, procedure508 is not utilised, and procedure 510 is implemented for AS relocationmade to ongoing PDU sessions, future PDU session, or a combination ofboth ongoing and future PDU sessions. In the case where procedure 510 isimplemented for ongoing PDU sessions, the PCF 314 triggers the SMF 310to perform UP reselection by transmitting a UP reselection trigger tothe SMF 310 in order to reselect the corresponding UP for the ongoingPDU sessions. In an alternate implementation, procedure 510 is notemployed, and only procedure 508 is used. In the alternateimplementation, the SMF 310 is operative to perform AS relocation forfuture PDU sessions based upon receipt of an AS relocation notificationsent, for instance, by the NEF 314.

In general, procedure 508 may be performed in the case of AS relocationfor ongoing PDU sessions (i.e. ongoing data traffic). First, the NEF 314identifies the PDU sessions associated with the traffic and the SMF 310managing the identified PDU sessions, generates an AS relocationnotification based on the API-based AS relocation notification, and instep 512 sends the AS relocation notification to the identified SMF 310.In an implementation, the NEF 314 may identify the SMF 310 byinteracting with the Network Function Repository Function (NRF) 318.

After receiving the AS relocation notification, the SMF 310 candetermine whether to perform UP reselection for the impacted traffic,according to the new AS location(s), operator policy, and Session andService Continuity (SSC) mode of the PDU sessions.

In step 514A, if the SMF 10 determines UP reselection is not required,and if the AS relocation notification indicates the need of trafficsteering configuration, the SMF 310 configures traffic steering byupdating traffic steering at the UP GW 336. Alternatively, in step 514B,if the SMF 310 determines that UP reselection is required, the SMF 310initiates the UP reselection procedure. The SMF 310 may furtherconfigure traffic steering at the re-selected UP GW 336 if necessary.

In general, procedure 510 is performed in the case of AS (re)locationapplying to future traffic. In step 516 the NEF 314 identifies thePolicy Control Function (PCF) 314 that is responsible for operatorpolicy for the future traffic, generates an AS (re)location notificationbased on the API-based AS (re)location request, and sends the AS(re)location notification to the PCF 314. The NEF 314 may identify thePCF 314 by interacting with the NRF 318. In optional step 518 the PCF314 configures traffic steering with the UP GW 336. In animplementation, the configuration may be applied to all UP GWs 336 thatmay potentially be used to support the requested PDU session (currently,or in the future). In particular, based on the AS (re)locationnotification, subscription data, and current operator policies, the PCF314 may generate UP selection policy and traffic steering policy for thetraffic. In an implementation optional step 518 is not performed, as thetraffic steering may be separately configured during UP (re)selection(i.e. steps 514 or 516).

In one embodiment, in which the AS (re)location notification indicatesthe possibility of AS relocation in the future, the PCF 314 may generatea session and service continuity (SSC) mode selection policy, such as,for example, any PDU session associated with the application should havean SSC mode not equal 1.

As would be readily appreciated by a worker skilled in the art, thereare instances in which the AS (re)location can impact both ongoingtraffic flows and future traffic flows. In such a case, both procedure508 and procedure 510 may take place.

In step 520, NEF 314 sends an API-based AS (re)location notificationacknowledgment back to the AS controller 332, either acknowledgingacceptance of the AS (re)location notification, or rejecting the AS(re)location notification. In the case of a rejection, the messageincludes an error code indicating the reason for rejection. In animplementation, the response includes a transaction token identifyingthe AS (re)location notification. The transaction token can be used bythe AS controller 332 to later update the AS (re)location notificationwithout providing full detail and/or to request notification of UP(re)selection impacted by the AS (re)location notification.

FIG. 6 illustrates an UP (re)selection notification request procedure.In step 600 the NEF 314 receives an API-based UP (re)selectionnotification request from the AS Controller 332. The API-based UP(re)selection notification request may include a transaction token froma previous AS (re)location notification procedure. The token mayindicate that the current request corresponds to any UP (re)selectionprocedure impacted by that AS (re)location notification. Alternatively,the request may include some or all of the following information:

-   Time information, indicating when the notification request applies.    The time information may be empty, indicating that the notification    request proceeds immediately.-   UE location information, indicating that the notification request    applies when the UE 5 is present within the specified location    (e.g., geographic location). The UE location information may be    empty, implying the notification request proceeds without being    concerned with UE location.-   Traffic filter, indicating the data traffic to which the    notification request may apply. The traffic may belong to ongoing    PDU sessions (ongoing traffic) or future PDU sessions (future    traffic). The traffic filter may also include an application    indicator indicating a specific application associated with the data    traffic.

The traffic filter optionally includes a UE indicator that indicates theUE 102 associated with the data traffic. The UE indicator may be an IPaddress associated with the data traffic. In this case, the data trafficis ongoing traffic, and the AS controller 332 learns the IP address fromthe AS. The UE indicator may also be a UE ID that is allocated by the CNCP 328 and exposed to the AS controller 332. In this case, the datatraffic may include both ongoing traffic and future traffic. The UEindicator may indicate more than one UE 102. When the traffic filterdoes not include a UE indicator, it indicates that the notificationrequest applies to data traffic of any UE 102 that meets the criteriadefined by the traffic filter.

Following receipt of the API-based UP (re)selection notificationrequest, in step 602 the NEF 314 sends an authentication request to theAUSF 312 if the AS controller 332 is not located in the trusted domain.The authentication request may include identifying information of the AScontroller 332 if the information is provided by the AS controller 332in the API-based UP (re)selection notification request.

In optional step 604, the AUSF 312 obtains the identity of the AScontroller 332. This step is performed if the authentication request 602does not include the identifying information of the AS controller 332.

In step 30406, the AUSF 312 authenticates the AS controller 332 andsends an authentication response to the NEF 314 indicating theauthentication result.

It should be noted that each of the authentication request, obtainingidentify, and the authentication response steps are optional if theAPI-based UP (re)selection notification request includes a transactiontoken.

In the step 608 the NEF 314 generates a UP (re)selection notificationrequest based on the API-based UP (re)selection notification request andsends it to the PCF 314. The PCF 314 may validate the request and, ifthe request is valid, the PCF 314 may generate a UP (re)selectionnotification policy based on the received UP (re)selection notificationrequest. In optional step 610 the PCF 314 may transmit a UP(re)selection authentication response to the NEF 314 indicating thevalidation result.

In step 612, the NEF 314 sends an API-based UP (re)location notificationresponse back to the AS controller 332, either acknowledging acceptanceof the AS (re)location notification, or rejecting the AS (re)locationnotification. In the case of a rejection, the message includes an errorcode indicating the reason for rejection. In an implementation, theresponse includes a transaction token identifying the AS (re)locationnotification. The transaction token can be used by the AS controller 332to later update the AS (re)location notification without providing fulldetail and/or to request notification of UP (re)selection impacted bythe AS (re)location notification.

FIG. 7 illustrates an UP (re)selection notification procedure. The SMF310 initiates an UP (re)selection notification procedure if UP(re)selection notification is needed as a result of a UP (re)selectionnotification request procedure (for example, as described above), afterperforming UP (re)selection.

In step 700 the SMF 310 sends a UP (re)selection notification to the NEF314. The UP (re)selection notification may include a transaction tokenof the corresponding UP (re)selection notification request, anindication of the AS location, and/or an indication of the location ofUP GW 336. The location information may, for instance, be in the form ofa network address.

In step 702 the NEF 314 generates an API-based UP (re)selectionnotification based on the UP (re)selection notification and transmits itto the AS controller 332. The AS controller 332 communicates to the NEF314 an acknowledgement of receipt of the API-based UP (re)selectionnotification. Before sending the acknowledgement, the AS controller 332may perform the necessary steps for the AS (re)location or AS state(re)location procedure, which may include releasing resources and datastructures, configuring traffic steering, etc.

In step 704, the NEF 314 transmits a UP (re)selection notificationacknowledgement to the SMF 310 confirming receipt of the API-based UP(re)selection notification acknowledgement received from the AScontroller 332.

FIG. 8 illustrates a procedure for an application-friendly PDU sessionestablishment. In step 800 the AS controller 332 initiates an AS(re)location notification procedure with the CP 328 for future trafficassociated with the UE 102 and to a specified application that generatesan application-aware UP selection policy and traffic steering policy.

In step 802 the AS controller 332 also initiates a UP (re)locationnotification request procedure with the CP 328 for the future trafficassociated with the UE 102 and to the specified application thatgenerates the application-aware UP selection policy and traffic steeringpolicy.

In procedure 804, the UE 102 can initiate a session setup procedure whenit has application traffic to transmit or receive from the application.In step 806 the UE 102 sends a session request to the SMF 310 via theCore Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 308. The sessionrequest may include the session ID and the preferred SSC mode(optional). The session request may also include an applicationidentifier indicating it is a dedicated session request for theapplication. In step 808 the SMF 310 verifies the UE context with theUDM 320 and authorizes the session request according to the usersubscription data.

If the session request is authorized, the SMF 310 initiates a UPselection procedure 810. In the first step 812, SMF 310 obtains operatorpolicies from the PCF 314, including the application-friendly policiesresulting from the AS (re)location notification procedure 800. Inoptional step 814, the SMF 310 selects an SSC mode for the PDU sessionaccording to the session request, the operator polices, the UE type, andother necessary information. For example, if the request includes theapplication identifier but no preferred SSC mode and if the operatorpolices indicate potential future AS relocation, the SMF 310 may set theSSC mode of the PDU session to 2 or 3 to allow UP reselection forefficient end-to-end pathing.

In step 816 the SMF 310 interacts with the UDM 320 to obtain the trafficsteering capability between candidate UP GWs 336 and the AS locationsand selects the UP path for the PDU session with respect to the operatorpolicies based on the information provided by the UDM 320. In step 818the SMF 310 triggers UP setup and, if the operator policies indicate theneed of traffic steering configuration, configures traffic steering atthe UP GW 336.

In step 820, SMF 310 transmits a connection setup request to the AN 302to connect to the UP 326. At this step, the AN 302 may allocate RANresources for the PDU session.

If the operator polices indicate the need of UP (re)selectionnotification, in step 822 the SMF 310 notifies the AS controller 332about the UP selection through a UP selection notification procedure.

In step 824 the SMF 310 transmits a PDU session request response to theUE 102 via the AMF 308. The response includes the SSC mode selected forthe PDU session, if the UE 102 did not provide preferred SSC mode in thesession request. In step 826 traffic transfer occurs from UE 102 via theUP GW 336.

FIG. 9 illustrates an application-aware UP reselection procedure for PDUsession modification. In this procedure, in step 900 the UE 102 has anestablished PDU session that is carrying the application traffic via theUP-A 326A. As shown in FIG. 9, application traffic transfer 902 is viathe UP-A 326A.

The SMF 310 receives a trigger for UP reselection for the applicationtraffic carried by the PDU session. The trigger can be from: an ASrelocation notification procedure 904, indicating a new AS location; ahandover procedure 906, indicating a new serving AN; or a policy trigger908 from PCF 314 indicating a policy change that impacts the UPselection of the PDU session.

In response to receiving the trigger, in step 910 the SMF 310 sends asession redirection message to the UE 102 via the AMF 308. This step isoptional if the established PDU session is to be pre-served or re-usedaccording to the SSC mode configuration.

In step 912, the UE 102 transmits a session request for setting up a newsession in response to receiving the session redirection. Note that thisstep is also optional, as it only occurs if a session redirectionmessage is received from the SMF 310.

In step 914 the SMF 310 establishes the UP-B 326B for the applicationtraffic using an UP (re)selection procedure. Step 914 is similar to theUP selection procedure shown in FIG. 7 and described above.

In the case that the step 912 is optional, if the PDU session is not adedicated PDU session for the application and has an SSC mode of 3, theSMF 310 may insert a branching point into the UP path such that the UP-A326A and the UP-B 326B are two branches of the UP path. The SMF 310instructs the branching point to steer the traffic associated with theapplication to the UP-B 326B, for example, according to the destinationaddress or the combination of destination address and port number.

In step 916 the SMF 310 sends a session response to the UE 102 via theAMF 308 to close the session request sent in step 912. If the ongoingPDU session is not a dedicated PDU session for the application and hasan SSC mode of 3, the response should indicate the application trafficto be redirected to the new PDU session, e.g., through the destinationaddress or the combination of destination address and port number). TheUE 102 will perform traffic redirection according to the redirectionindication in the session response.

In step 918, the SMF 310 sets up traffic redirection from the UP-A 326Ato the UP-B 326B for leftover traffic. In step 920 future applicationtraffic continues, now via the UP-B 326B.

In an embodiment, a system and method for application-influenced SSC andUP management for edge computing is provided. In the embodiment, it isassumed that the applications (i.e. AS) are deployed in the operator'slocal network, i.e. local DN.

Referring to FIG. 10, an application function (AF) 324 (a non-3GPPfunction) is responsible for AS (re)location (or, AS (re)selection)within the local DN. The application function 324 interacts with the CP328 through the NEF 314. The behaviour of the application function 324and the actual relocation of the application or application context arenot yet defined under the current standard, and are not relevant to thepresent application.

The CN CP 328 has information about the traffic steering capabilitybetween the UPFs 304 and the AS locations. The information is providedby a network management component, such as a network manager in themanagement plane 330 and used by the NEF 314 to determine UPFs 304suitableness or preference for the application.

The SMF 310 is responsible for configuring traffic steering at UPFs 304for routing UL traffic to the proper AS location in the face of AS(re)location.

The local DN is responsible for steering DL traffic to the proper UPF304 in the face of UP (re)selection. The UPF 304 recognizes the UE IPaddress associated the DL traffic as a valid IP address. To ensure thatthe UPF 304 recognizes the UE IP address, in some embodiments, each ofthe UPFs 304 may make use of the same private IP address space.

The DL traffic steering may be configured by the application function324, or realized through upper level mobility management mechanismswithin the local DN. The UPF 304 can recognize the UE IP address in theDL traffic as a valid identifier. This can be for example achieved byapplying the same private IP address space at the UPFs 304. As notedabove, in embodiments where IP addressing is not used, other addresstypes or identifiers can be employed. The behaviour of the local DN forsteering DL traffic is not germane to the following discussion.

The interface marked by a dashed line in FIG. 10 is not yet definedunder the current standard and how it is structured is not germane tothe following discussion.

This section describes the interaction necessary between the CP 328 andthe application function 324 to enable application-friendly UPmanagement for the application that requires efficient end-to-end path.

In this example embodiment, it is assumed that the NEF 314 authenticatesand validates the information received from the application function324. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, thisresponsibility can be moved to another functions, with the commensuratechanges in the control signalling.

Referring to FIG. 11A, a signalling diagram is presented illustrating anembodiment of application-influenced UP selection performed by the SMF310 as part of session establishment. In step 1100 the applicationfunction notifies the network of the application location(s) for thefuture application traffic associated with the UE 102 through theprocedure of ‘Application (Re)location Notification’ service of the NEF314, where UP selection policy and traffic steering rule are generatedby the PCF 314. In an implementation, the procedure of Application(Re)location Notification' service of the NEF 314 may be implementedusing any number of different methods including some of those describedelsewhere in this application.

In step 1102, the application function 324 can subscribe to UP 326(re)selection notification for the future application traffic associatedwith the UE 102 through the procedure (part 1) of ‘UP (Re)selectionNotification’ service of the NEF 314, where UP (re)selectionnotification policy is generated by the PCF 314. In an implementation,the procedure of ‘UP (Re)selection Notification’ service of the NEF 314may be implemented. Step 1102 is an optional step, which may bedetermined by the application function 324. In some implementations,steps 1100 and 1102 may operate independent from each other.

In step 1104 the UE 102 sends a session request to the SMF 310, whichincludes the local DN identifier. The request may include theapplication identifier, indicating it is a dedicated PDU session for theapplication. The local DN identifier and the application identifier maybe two parts of an integrated identifier (as local DN identifier orapplication identifier) or be two separate identifiers.

In step 1106 the SMF 310 verifies the UE context and authorizes thesession request according to the user subscription data. In step 1108the SMF 310 obtains operator policies from the PCF 314, including theapplication-influenced UP management policy resulting from steps 1100and 1102. In step 1110 the SMF 310 selects an SSC mode for the PDUsession according to the session request, the operator polices, the UEtype, and other necessary information. If the session request includesthe application identifier and if the operator policies indicateapplication mobility (i.e. potential application relocation), the SMF310 may select the SSC mode 2 for the PDU session. If the sessionrequest does not include the application identifier and if the operatorpolices indicate that the applications potentially accessed by the UEhave mobility, the SMF 310 may select the SSC mode 3 for the PDUsession.

In step 1112 the SMF 310 can select an end-to-end UP path for the PDUsession with respect to the operator policies. This end-to-end path inthe UP 326 may include the application location selected for the PDUsession.

In step 1114 the SMF 310 requests the AN 302 to set up N3 connection. Inoptional step 1116, the AN 302 may allocate RAN resource for the PDUsession.

In step 1118 the AN 302 responds to the SMF 310, indicating thecompletion of N3 connection setup.

In step 1120 the SMF 310 sets up the UP path. In step 1122 the SMF 310can configure the traffic steering over the N6 interface at the anchorUPF 304 of the UP 326. In some embodiments, steps 1120 and 1122 may becombined in a single integrated configuration step in which the UP setupand traffic steering configuration are performed together.

In step 1124 the SMF 310 can notify the application function 324 aboutthe end-to-end UP path selection through the procedure (part 2) of ‘UP(Re)selection Notification’ service of the NEF 314. The notificationindicates the PDU session location and the application location. In someembodiments, the PDU session location can be used as the anchor UPF IPaddress. In other embodiments, the UE IP address can be used for the PDUsession location. Step 1124 is optional, if the step 1102 does not existor if step 1102 does not indicate the need for of UP (re)selection postnotification.

In step 1126 the SMF 310 sends a session response to the UE 102 via theAMF 308. The manner in which PDU Session establishment is carried outcan vary in different implementations. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that this procedure may be subject to standardization and thedetails of such a procedure are not necessarily germane to the presentapplication.

FIG. 11B illustrates an alternate embodiment including the an additionaloptional step 1128. In step 1128 the SMF 310 notifies the applicationfunction 324 about the end-to-end UP path selection through theprocedure (part 2) of ‘UP (Re)selection Notification’ service of the NEF314. The notification indicates the PDU session location and theapplication location. In some embodiments, the PDU session location isthe anchor UPF IP address. In other embodiments, the IP address of theUE can be used as the PDU session location. Step 1128 is apre-notification step that is optional, for instance if step 1102 doesnot exist or if step 1102 does not indicate the need of UP (re)selectionpre-notification.

FIGS. 12A and 12B are signalling diagrams illustrating embodiments of anapplication-influenced UP reselection procedure. This procedure does notchange the UE IP address and is therefore transparent to the UE 102. Theembodiment of FIGS. 12A and 12B assume that the UE 102 already has anestablished PDU session via the UP-A 326A.

Referring to FIG. 12A, in step 1200 the application function 324subscribes to UP (re)selection notification from the network for theapplication traffic associated to the PDU session through the procedure(part 1) of “UP (Re)selection Notification” service of the NEF. Step1200 is optional, depending upon the requirements of the applicationfunction 324.

In step 1202 traffic transfer between the UE 102 and the UP-A 326A mayproceed.

In step 1204 the application function 324 can notify the network aboutapplication relocation through the procedure of “Application(Re)location Notification” service of the NEF 314. Steps 1200 and 1204can be independent of each other. Notification of the network caninclude the application function 324 transmitting a notification messageto one or more network nodes that can, in turn, provide a notificationto core network functions that are not otherwise reachable by theapplication function 324.

The SMF 310 can modify the end-to-end UP path according to theapplication relocation and local policy when necessary or desirable.

In procedure 1206, the SMF 310 modifies the end-to-end UP path where UPreselection is required. In step 128 the SMF 310 reselects the UP-B 326Band the traffic steering (over the N6 interface) for the PDU session. Ifthe SSC mode of the PDU session is 2, the UP-B 326B is selected toreplace the UP-A 326A. If the SSC mode of the PDU session is 3, the SMF310 inserts a branching UPF or a UL CL UPF into the UP path such thatthe UP-A 326A and the UP-B 326B are two branches of the UP path.

In step 1210 the SMF 310 notifies the application function 324 about theUP reselection through the procedure (part 2) of ‘UP (Re)selectionNotification’ service of the NEF. Step 1210 is optional, if step 1200does not exist or if the application function 324 has been notifiedabout a UP (re)selection with the same content.

In step 1212 the SMF 310 modifies the end-to-end UP path according theUP reselection decision. This can be carried out using any of a numberof different methods. The particulars of such method may be subject tostandardization, such as described for steps 8-11 in the clause4.3.5.X.2 of the current standard. In step 1212, the N3 connection canbe modified, the branching UPF or the UL CL UPF (if any) can beconfigured to steer the application traffic to UP-B 326B, and the N6interface (i.e. traffic steering) at the anchor UPF of UP-B isconfigured. The traffic steering at the branching UPF or the UL CL UPFmay be based on the destination IP address, the destination port number,the source IP address, or a combination of any of them.

In step 1214 the SMF 310 reconfigures the traffic steering in caseswhere UP reselection is not required. The SMF 310 reconfigures the N6interface at the anchor UPF of UP-A 326A so as to steer the applicationtraffic to the new application location.

In step 1216 traffic transfer between the UE 102 and the UP-B 326B mayproceed.

In step 1218 the SMF 310 releases the PDU session resources related tothe UP-A 326A, if step 1206 takes place and the SSC mode of the PDUsession is 2.

Referring to FIG. 12B, in an alternate embodiment step 1200 from FIG.12A may be performed after 1204. In step 1220 traffic transfer betweenthe UE 102 and the UP-A 326A may proceed.

In step 1222 the application function 324 notifies the network aboutapplication relocation through the procedure of “Application(Re)location Notification” service of the NEF 314. Steps 1200 and 1222can be independent of each other.

In step 1224 the application function 324 subscribes to a UP(re)selection notification from the network for the application trafficassociated to the PDU session through the procedure (part 1) of “UP(Re)selection Notification” service of the NEF 314. Step 1224 isoptional, depending upon the requirements of the application function324.

In step 1226, The SMF 310 performs end-to-end UP path reselection,including UP reselection and/or application location reselection,according to the application relocation and the local policy.

In step 1228 the SMF 310 reselects the end-to-end UP path for the PDUsession. If UP reselection is needed, the SMF 310 reselects the UP-B326B for the PDU session. If the SSC mode of the PDU session is 2, theUP-B 326B is selected to replace the UP-A 326A. If the SSC mode of thePDU session is 3, the SMF 310 inserts a branching UPF or a UL CL UPFinto the UP path such that the UP-A 326A and the UP-B 326B are twobranches of the UP path.

In step 1230 the SMF 310 notifies the application function 324 about theend-to-end UP path reselection through the procedure (part 2) of ‘UP(Re)selection Notification’ service of the NEF 314. The notificationindicates the anchor UPF location and the new application location. Thisstep is a pre-notification step. It is optional, if step 1224 does notexist or if step 1224 does not indicate the need of UP (re)selectionpre-notification.

In step 1232 the SMF 310modifies the end-to-end UP path according to thedecision of step 1228. In the case that UP-B 326B is selected for thePDU session, the SMF 310 modifies the end-to-end UP path, as describedby the steps 8-11 in the clause 4.3.5.X.2 of the current standard. Instep 1232, the N3 connection is modified, the branching UPF or the UL CLUPF (if any) is configured to steer the application traffic to the UP-B,326B and the N6 interface (i.e. traffic steering) at the anchor UPF ofUP-B 326B is configured. The traffic steering at the branching UPF orthe UL CL UPF may be based on the destination IP address, thedestination port number, the source IP address, or a combination of anyof them.

In the case that UP reselection is not needed, in step 1234 the SMF 310reconfigures the N6 interface at the anchor UPF of UP-A 326A so as tosteer the application traffic to the new application location.

In step 1236 the SMF 310 notifies the application function 324 about theend-to-end UP path reselection through the procedure (part 2) of ‘UP(Re)selection Notification’ service of the NEF 314. Step 1236 is apost-notification step. It is optional, if the step 1224 does not existor if the step 1224 does not indicate the need of UP (re)selectionpost-notification.

In step 1216 traffic transfer between the UE 102 and the UP-B 326B mayproceed.

In step 1240 the SMF 310 releases the PDU session resources related tothe UP-A 326A, if the SSC mode of the PDU session is 2 and the UP-B isselected for the PDU session at step 1228.

FIG. 13 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment ofapplication (re)location notification service procedure.

In step 1300 the NEF 310 receives an Application (Re)locationNotification Request(application identifier, application locationinformation, temporal validity condition, spatial validity condition,traffic filter, requester information) message from the applicationfunction 324. The application location information indicates the (new)application location(s) and the status of the (new) applicationlocation(s). The application location(s) are specified using IP address.The temporal validity condition indicates when the notified application(re)location will proceed. Void of the temporal validity conditionimplies the application (re)location proceeds immediately. The spatialvalidity condition indicates the application (re)location applies onlyto the traffic associated to UEs located within specified Location(s).Void of the spatial validity condition implies the notified application(re)location applies without being concerned with UE location.

The traffic filter indicates the traffic that the application(re)selection applies to, which may belong to ongoing PDU sessions orfuture PDU sessions. Void of the traffic filter implies the application(re)selection applies to all traffic associated to the application.

The traffic filter may explicitly indicate whether the traffic includingongoing traffic and/or future traffic. The traffic filter may bedescribed using the IP address associated to the traffic. It may also bedescribed using UE ID that is recognized both by the applicationfunction and by the network. The requester information includesrequester identifier.

The NEF 314 notifies the application (re)location to the selected CPfunction, i.e. SMF 310 or PCF 314. The notification includes theApplication (Re)location Notification Service transaction identifier,the application identifier, the (new) application location(s), theidentifiers of the anchor UPFs suitable for selection for each of the(new) application location(s), and the temporal and spatial validityconditions, the traffic filter. Depending on the nature the Locationinformation in the spatial validity condition, the NEF 314 may need totranslate the Location information into information that isunderstandable by the CP functions. The traffic filter may be translatedtraffic filter described using PDU session identifiers. The NEF 314determines the anchor UPFs suitable for selection according to thetraffic steering capabilities between the UPFs and the notifiedapplication locations, which is provided by the management plane.

In procedure 1302, the notification relates to the case where theimpacted traffic belongs to ongoing PDU sessions only. In step 1304 theNEF 314 identifies the PDU sessions associated to the impacted trafficand the SMF 310 managing the PDU sessions, and sends the notification tothe SMF 310. The NEF 314 identifies the SMF 310 by interacting with theUDM 320. In step 1306 the SMF acknowledges the receipt of thenotification to the NEF.

In procedure 1308, the notification can indicate that the impactedtraffic belongs to future PDU sessions (and also possibly to ongoing PDUsessions). In step 1310 the NEF 314 identifies the PCF 314 that is incharge of operator policy for the PDU sessions and sends thenotification to the PCF 314. The NEF 314 identifies the PCF 314 byinteracting with the NRF 318 and/or the UDM 320. In step 1312 the PCF314 acknowledges the receipt of the notification to the NEF 314. In step1314 the PCF 314 generates or updates UP management policies accordingto the notification. If the impacted traffic belongs to ongoing PDUsessions, in step 1314 the PCF 314 identifies the serving SMF 310 of thetraffic and notifies the SMF 310 about the policy change. In step 1318the SMF 310 obtains the policy update from the PCF 314.

In step 1320 the NEF 314 sends an Application (Re)location NotificationResponse (Result Code) message to the application function 324. Theresult code indicates the acceptance of the request or its rejection.

FIG. 14 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a UP(Re)selection Notification Subscription Service.

In step 1402 the NEF 314 receives the UP (Re)selection NotificationSubscription Request ([Transaction Identifier] or [applicationidentifier, temporal validity condition, spatial validity condition,traffic filter], Notification Type, requester information]) message fromthe application function 324.

Alternative A [Transaction Identifier]: the subscription requestcorresponds to an existing Application (Re)location Notification Servicetransaction. The transaction identifier of the existing Application(Re)location Notification Service transaction, implies that thesubscription request applies to any UP (re)selection impacted by theexisting Application (Re)location Notification Service transaction. TheNEF 314 can perform simplified authentication and validation byverifying the transaction identifier.

Alternative B [application identifier, temporal validity condition,spatial validity condition, traffic filter, requester information]: thesubscription request is independent of existing Application (Re)locationNotification Service transactions. The temporal validity conditionindicates when the subscription may be effective. Void of the temporalvalidity condition implies the subscription becomes effectiveimmediately. The spatial validity condition indicates the subscriptionis effective only to the traffic of UEs located within specifiedLocation(s). Void of the spatial validity condition implies thesubscriptions become effective without being concerned with UE location.The traffic filter indicates the traffic that the subscription may applyto, which may belong to ongoing PDU sessions or future PDU sessions.Void of the traffic filter implies the subscription applies to alltraffic associated to the application. The traffic filter may explicitlyindicate whether the traffic including ongoing traffic and/or futuretraffic. The traffic filter may be described using the IP addressassociated to the traffic. It may also be described using UE ID that isrecognized both by the application function and by the network. TheNotification Type indicates either Pre-Notification, Post-Notification,or both Pre-Notification and Post-Notification are requested.Pre-Notification implies notification is to be sent before theend-to-end UP path is configured; Post-Notification implies notificationis to be sent after the end-to-end path configuration. The requesterinformation may include: requester identifier, requester IP address, andrequester port number.

The NEF 314 requests the selected CP function, i.e. SMF 310 or PCF 314,to set up UP (re)selection notification. The request may include the UP(Re)selection Notification Subscription Service transaction identifier,the NEF identifier, and the subscription information in the requestmessage except for the requester information. Depending on the nature ofthe Location information in the spatial validity condition, the NEF 314may need to translate the Location information into information that isunderstandable by the CP functions. The traffic filter may be translatedtraffic filter described using PDU session identifiers.

In procedure 1404 the impacted traffic belongs to ongoing PDU sessionsonly. In step 1406 the NEF 314 identifies the PDU sessions that theimpacted traffic is associated to and the SMF 310 managing the PDUsessions, and sends the request to the identified SMF 310. In step 1408,the SMF 310 responds to the NEF 314, indicating the acceptance of therequest. The NEF 314 identifies the SMF 310 by interacting with the UDM320.

In procedure 1410 the impacted traffic belongs to future PDU sessions(and also ongoing PDU sessions). In step 1412 the NEF 314 identifies thePCF 314 that is in charge of the operator policy for the PDU sessionsthat the impacted traffic is associated to and sends the request to theidentified PCF 314. In step 1414, the PCF 314 responds to the NEF 314,indicating the acceptance of the request. The NEF 314 identifies the PCF314 by interacting with the NRF 318 and/or the UDM 320. In step 1416 thePCF 314 generates or updates UP management policies according to therequest. If the impacted traffic belongs to ongoing PDU sessions, instep 1418 the PCF 314 identifies the serving SMF 310 of the traffic andnotifies the SMF 310 about the policy change. In step 1420 the SMF 310obtains the policy update from the PCF 314.

In step 1422 the NEF 314 sends an UP (Re)selection Subscription Response(Result Code) message to the application function 324. The result codeindicates the acceptance of the request or its rejection.

After performing end-to-end UP (re)selection for the impacted traffic,in step 1424 the SMF 310 notifies the NEF 314 about the UP(re)selection. The notification can include information such as the UP(Re)selection Notification Subscription Service transaction identifier,the Notification Type, the PDU session location the anchor UPF locationand the application location. The PDU session location can, in someembodiments be one of the anchor UPF address or the UE address for thePDU session. In some embodiments, these addresses are IP addresses. Theapplication information may be in the form of an IP address or anothersuch identifier.

In step 1426 the NEF 314 sends the UP (re)selection information to theapplication function 324 using the requester IP address and therequester port number.

In step 1428 the application function 324 responds to the NEF 314 toacknowledge the delivery of the notification. The response indicateswhether the network should continue the end-to-end path configuration,if the Notification Type is Pre-Notification.

Upon a pre-notification, the application function 324 can perform thenecessary steps for the application (re)location or application state(re)location procedure, which can include releasing resources and datastructures, etc. If the application function 324 wants to cancel theapplication (re)location, the application function 324 uses the responsemessage to inform the network. If the Notification Type isPost-Notification, the application function 324 knows that theend-to-end UP path is ready for use, and can start to steer DL trafficto the path.

In step 1430 the NEF 314 responds to the SMF 310 to acknowledge thedelivery of the notification. The response includes the informationreceived from the application function 324 in step 1428.

In some embodiments application functions may influence traffic routing.

Information on the UE whose traffic is to be routed

The information to identify UE 102 can be either fixed identifiers ordynamic identifiers

Fixed Identifiers

SUPI, PEI described in Clause 5.9 of TS 23.501: Since the edge computingapplications may be located in untrusted domains, these identifiersshould not be disclosed to 3rd party edge computing applications.

MSISDN: Can be used for 3rd party edge computing

External Identifier: Can be assigned either by operators or by edgecomputing application

Dynamic Identifiers

Temporary identifier: Assigned during UE mobility registration procedure

IP address: assigned during session establishment procedure

The above two identifiers can be used to identify the UE 102 havingactive PDU sessions. However, these identifiers may be changed due to UEmobility or UPF reselection. Additionally, it the PDU session is non-IPtype, the IP address is inapplicable. Thus, these dynamic identifiersmay be not suitable for edge computing applications.

Proposal 1: Either External Identifier or MSISDN is used to identify theUE whose traffic is to be routed.

2 Identifiers for Group of UEs

In some scenarios, the traffic routing updates may be applied to a groupof UEs. If there are a large number of UEs and the UE identifiers areincluded in the message sent from edge computing application to the CN,this message would be large. Some alternative methods should beproposed. Some possible methods are given below.

Geographical areas: the coverage of PLMN can be divided into zones, eachzone has a zone identifier (ZID). The operator can inform the edgecomputing application about the mapping between geographical locationand ZID. There is no need to standardize the ZID.

IP prefix: It is possible that the group of UEs for a given applicationmay be assigned a range of IP addresses. The IP range may be reserved toindicate the group of UEs. However, this solution is inapplicable tonon-IP traffic type.

Domain Network Name (DNN): Each edge computing application may have aunique name recognized by CN. The DNN can indicate the UE who can accessthe DNN.

Application Identifier (AID): If a DN provides multiple applications,each application may have an Application Identifier. The ApplicationIdentifier can be represented by the port of application server for IPtraffic.

Combinations of any above attributes can be used to identify group ofUEs.

Proposal 2: A combination of DNN, AID and ZID can be used to identify agroup of UEs.

3. Information on where to route the traffic: This can be either DNN oflocal data network and/or IP address of the application server.

Proposal 3: Either DNN of local data network or IP address of theapplication server can be used to indicate the routing destination.

4. Potential locations of the application to where the traffic routingshould apply: The potential locations of the application can be eitherDNNs of local data networks hosting application server.

Alternatively, the IP addresses of application server can be used. Thenetwork management entities can configure the CP about the capabilitiesof transportation link between the UPF(s) and application servers. Thereis a separate contribution to clarify this issue.

Proposal 4: Either the DNNs of local data networks or IP addresses ofapplication servers can be used to indicate potential locations ofapplication for traffic routing.

5. Information to identify the traffic to be routed

Once the UE 102 has been identified, additional information can be usedto identify the traffic to be routed.

-   DN provides 1 application: If the DN provides only one application,    the DNN can be used to identify a PDU session.-   DN provides multiple applications: Each application should have an    Application Identifier (AID). For IP traffic, the AID can be the    port number of application server.

Proposal 5: The DNN can be used to identify PDU sessions if the DNprovides one edge computing application. If the DN provides multipleapplication, each the DNN and AID are used to identify PDU sessions.

The application function request may be routed to the SMF by anothercontrol function such as the NEF or the PCF.

a. In EPC, the Rx Interface between PCRF and Application Function isused to support 3rd party applications:

EXAMPLES IMS and Public Safety Application Functions, SCEF

-   Security: Those applications are considered located in 3GPP trusted    domain. There are no major security issues.-   The information received over Rx interface is intended for PCRF. It    means the PCRF processes the received information to make policy    decision.

b. Edge Computing Applications in 5G CN

-   Security: Edge computing application control function may be located    in non-trusted domains. Thus, the request from application control    function should be authenticated and authorized. The current agreed    functionalities of NEF include authentication/authorization    functionalities, but not PCF.-   For edge computing applications, the information from application    control function may be intended for SMF for possible re-selection    of UPF; the PCF does not process this information. Hence application    control function should not send its request to PCF.

Proposal 6: The NEF is used as the interface between application controlfunction and CN CP functions.

An application function may send requests via NEF to influence SMFrouting decisions for traffic of PDU session. This may influence UPFselection and allow routing user traffic to a local access to a DataNetwork

Such requests may contain at least:

-   In some implementations, the requests may include information to    identify the traffic to be routed. The DNN can be used to identify    PDU sessions if the DN provides one edge computing application. If    the DN provides multiple application, the DNN and AID (Application    Identifier) are used to identify PDU sessions.

In some implementations, the port number of application server may beused as an AID. Information on where to route the traffic. Either DNN oflocal data network or IP address of the application server can be usedto indicate the routing destination. Potential locations of theapplication to where the traffic routing should apply. Either the DNNsof local data networks or IP addresses of application servers can beused to indicate potential locations of application for traffic routing.The traffic can be identified by the DNN when the Application Functionis the only Application Function hosted in the local DN, or if there isotherwise no opportunity for confusion; otherwise, a combination of DNNand an application identifier or traffic filtering information can beused to identify the application traffic.

NOTE 1: Mapping between application identifier and traffic filteringinformation (such as IP address of the Application Function receivingthe traffic) can be configured in the NEF.

-   -   In some implementations, the requests may include information on        where to route the traffic, such as the DNN (e.g. if all traffic        of the PDU session is routed to the Application Function) or the        IP address of the Application Function.    -   In some implementations, the requests may include potential        locations of the application to where the traffic routing should        apply. The potential locations of the AFs can be indicated using        an IP address of the traffic handling AF that the NEF (or the AF        if it is trusted by the operator as described in clause 6.2.X)        maps to specific PDU session anchors to the local DN.

NOTE 2: The IP address used to identify the instance of the traffichandling AF can be different from the IP address of the same AF instanceused by the UE to interact with it.

-   In some implementations, the requests may include information on the    UE(s) whose traffic is to be routed. Individual UEs can be    identified using either External Identifier or MSISDN. Groups of UEs    can be identified by the DNN with which they have an active PDU    session, possibly together with an application identifier or traffic    filtering information. Additionally, to restrict the group to UE(s)    within a certain geographic area, zone identifiers can also be    included.-   NOTE 3: A zone identifier can be mapped to a geographic area. The    mapping is configured in both NEF and AF. Either External Identifier    or MSISDN is used to identify individual UEs. The DNN, AID    (Application Identifier) and ZID (Zone Identifier) or a combination    of any of them can be used to identify a group of UEs-   In some implementations, the requests may include information on    when (time indication) the traffic routing is to apply.

The application function 324 issuing such requests is assumed to belongto the PLMN serving the UE 102. The application function 324 may issuerequests on behalf of other applications not owned by the PLMN servingthe UE 102.

SMF 310 may, based on local policies, take this information into accountto:

-   (re)select UPF(s) for PDU sessions.-   activate mechanisms for traffic multi-homing or enforcement of an UL    Classifier (UL CL). Such mechanisms are defined in sub-clause 5.3.5.    This may include providing the UPF with traffic forwarding (e.g.    break-out) rules.-   inform the application function of the (re)selection of the UP path.

According to certain implementations of the invention, methods andsystems for traffic routing are provided in which a spatial validitycondition is added as part of the information provided by the AF.

The AF 324 may provide information to one or more nodes or functionswithin the CN to influence UP path (re)selection decisions including foredge computing scenarios. However, consideration typically is madewhether the information provided by AF is identical to the informationused in the CN for UP path (re)selection, in other words, whetherinformation mapping/processing is needed. The following table comparesthe pros and cons when mapping/processing is and is not needed.

Pros Cons Mapping is needed The impact from application A processing NFis needed environment on the architecture between the AF and the Coredesign is minimized. Network Functions. The Core Network is applicationThis creates additional agnostic. Any change in complexity. applicationenvironment is masked by the processing NF that performs theprocessing/mapping. The processing NF can be configured to supportunlimited types of application environments without impacting the systemarchitecture. The architecture is thus extensible. Mapping is not neededAF generates information The impact from application understandable toCore Network environment on the architecture Functions. design ismaximized. Simplified architecture. The Core Network is extended to theapplication domain. Additional standardization work is needed for theextension, for example, on the nature of application location, the interconnection between UPF and application location. When the applicationenvironment changes, 3GPP standards need to be updated. Or, thestandards need to cover all possible application environments.

Based on the information provided in the above table, some embodimentsinclude one or both of the following two alternatives for AF influenceon traffic routing:

(1) In the case of an AF 324 interacting with the Core Network Functionsvia a NEF 314, the information provided by the AF 324 and theinformation used in the Core Network may be different. In such anembodiment, the NEF 314 may be configured to perform the informationprocessing/mapping.

(2) In the case of an AF 324 interacting with the Core Network Functionsdirectly, the AF 324 may implement the NEF's information processingfunctionality and provide information to the CN functions in a formatthat can be used in the Core Network.

In some applications, such as, for example, an MTC application includingan event monitoring application or a crowd-sensing application, UL dataassociated with the application may need to be routed to the sameapplication location for collection, processing, and decision-making.For instance, the data may be routed to the same application location inorder to process the data, identify any data correlations, performinformation aggregation, and either make a decision or output a resultto allow an operator or a 3^(rd) party to review and take action. Insuch a case, the AF influence on traffic routing may be subject to aspatial validity check, for instance that the location of the UE(s)satisfies a spatial constraint when the traffic routing applies.

Accordingly, in accordance with some embodiments, a spatial validitycondition is included in the information provided by the AF to the CN,which is independent from the conditions influencing UP (re)selection.

In accordance with some embodiments, the interaction between the CP andthe application environment may be defined or regulated as a policy soas to benefit from the unified policy framework. In some embodiments,the result of the interaction between the CP and the applicationenvironment is a policy generation or policy update. The policies are UPmanagement policies which include traffic routing policies. ThePCF-based approach allows the PCF to maintain a global view of the UPmanagement and, thus, address global consistency optimality in UPmanagement.

An AF may send requests to influence SMF routing decisions for trafficof one or more PDU sessions. In some implementations, the AF sendsrequests to the PCF to influence these SMF routing decisions. This mayinfluence the UPF selection process and allow routing of user traffic toa local access to a Data Network (DN). Those skilled in the art willappreciate that reference in this document to routing of traffic a localaccess to a DN can be understood to include transmitting traffic to alocal access point that can provide access to the DN in question. Thislocal access point may be local to the CN (or segment of the CN) or itmay be local to the DN. Topologically the local access serves as aconnection into the DN.

In some implementations, an AF may be in charge of, or a party todecisions about, the (re)selection or relocation of the applicationswithin the local DN. In some implementations, such an AF may receivenotifications about events related to PDU sessions (and in someembodiments may receive information associated with applications thathave live PDU sessions or that have the authorization to initiate a PDUsession through or with the AF).

In some implementations, an AF may send the (re)selection or relocationrequests, associated with a DN hosted application, independently fromone another. The AF issuing such requests is assumed to belong to thenetwork (e.g. the PLMN) serving the UE. The AF may issue requests onbehalf of other applications not owned or hosted by the network (e.g.PLMN) serving the UE.

If the AF is within the trust domain of the CN, it may interact with thePCF directly. If the AF is outside the trust domain, it may interactwith the PCF via the NEF, and the NEF can in turn interact with the PCFand behave as an AF within the trust domain on behalf of the actual AFoutside the trust domain. In some embodiments, the NEF may act as an AFon behalf of an actual AF that is resident within the trust domain.

In scenarios in which the AF interacts with the PCF via the NEF, theinformation provided by the AF and the information used in the 5G Core(5GC) Network may be of a different format or different in nature (e.g.contain different information elements). In some implementations, theNEF may be configured to perform information conversion/mapping. In thecase in which the AF interacts with the PCF directly, the AF may provideinformation usable by the 5GC without the need for informationconversion.

Requests to influence SMF routing decisions for traffic of PDU sessionmay be sent by an AF. An Application Function can send an ApplicationLocation Notification message to the PCF. The message may contain atleast:

-   Information to identify the traffic to be routed. The traffic may be    identified, for instance, by the DNN and an application identifier    or traffic filtering information. In some implementations, the    traffic can be identified in the AN request by the DNN. The DNN may    be used to identify the traffic of a PDU session, and the    Application Identifier, to indicate a particular service of a PDU    Session. In case of IP traffic, in some embodiments traffic    filtering information (e.g., IP 5-tuple which may contain source and    destination addresses as well as port numbers at each of the source    and destination, as well as a protocol being used) may be included.    In some implementations, slicing information (e.g., S-NSSAI) may be    part of the traffic filtering information or be a separate element    in the AN request.-   Information on where to route the traffic. If the AF interacts with    the PCF directly, it may indicate a routing profile including a list    of Dynamic Network Access Identifiers (DNAIs), each of which may    comprise a local access to the DN, and N6 traffic routing parameters    related to each DNAI. If the AF interacts with the PCF via the NEF,    it may indicate the DNN and/or the address of the application in its    communications. In an embodiment, the N6 traffic routing parameters    may be configured in UPFs for supporting the traffic steering    mechanism or implementation in the local DN.-   Potential locations of the AFs which may be used to determine where    the traffic routing should apply. The potential locations of the AFs    may, for example, be used for UPF selection. If the AF interacts    with the PCF directly, the information associated with potential    locations of the AFs (either in absolute terms or in topological    terms) can be provided by the DNAIs in the routing profile described    above. If the AF interacts with the PCF via the NEF, the information    regarding potential locations of the AFs can be provided by the host    address(es) of the application.-   Information about the UE(s) whose traffic is to be routed. This may    correspond to individual

UEs, all UEs, groups of UEs a subset of the connected UEs, or anothersuch grouping. The UE or grouping of UEs may be identified using any oneof, or a combination of any of, an External Identifier, External GroupIdentifier, MSISDN, an IP address, or IP address prefix

-   Temporal validity information to indicate when the traffic routing    is to apply. In some implementations, the absence of the temporal    validity information may imply that the traffic routing shall apply    immediately. It should be understood that other default conditions    may apply if the temporal validity information is omitted.-   Spatial validity information indicating any location-based criteria    (e.g. geographic location(s) within which the UE(s) should be    located) that should be used to determine whether to apply the    traffic routing. If absent, a default condition may apply.

In some implementations, the AF may interact with the PCF via the NEF.In this case the NEF may be configured to convert the ‘information onpotential locations of the applications to where the traffic routingshould apply’ and the ‘information on where to route the traffic’ in themessage into a routing profile and provides this routing profile or anindication of the routing profile, to the PCF. If the routing profilescan be ordered and placed into an indexed list, only the index needs tobe provided.

In some implementations, the PCF, based on received information (forinstance received from the AF or the NEF), a, possibly pre-defined,operator's policy, and/or inputs from other entities (e.g., usersubscription, user's quota, user's current RAT, network load status,time of day, UE location, APN . . . which may be received from othernetwork entities such as a CSM entity, an HSS, a traffic engineeringfunction or from any number of control and management plane entities),can authorize a request received from the AF and in accordance with therequest determine a traffic steering policy. The traffic steering policymay indicate a suitable traffic steering profiles from a set ofprofiles. Each of the profiles may specify the UPF providing the trafficsteering and the N6 traffic routing parameters. This may implicitlyindicate a unique DNAI, to be configured in the UPF.

In an implementation, the PCF can provide the SMF with the trafficsteering policy. The SMF may, based on local policies, take thisinformation into account to:

-   (re)select UPF(s) for PDU sessions. The SMF can perform traffic    steering profile selection at the time of (re)selecting UP path.    Because a traffic steering profile may implicitly map to a unique    DNAI (via the N6 traffic routing parameters in the profile), traffic    steering profile selection may imply mapping UE location    (TAUCell-Id) to DNAI(s) in addition to UPF selection;-   activate mechanisms for traffic multi-homing or enforcement of an UL    Classifier (UL CL). This may include providing the UPF with traffic    forwarding (e.g. break-out) rules; and/or-   configure N6 traffic routing in the anchor UPF according to the    selected traffic steering profile.

With reference to FIG. 15, in an embodiment of an application(re)location notification procedure, the connection information(including connection quality e.g., number of hops, performance e.g.,delay, delay jitter, throughput, or attributes e.g. protocols supportedand protocol parameters including protocol headers) between a DNAI(e.g., DNAI-1 or DNAI-2) and individual application hosts may beconfigured in the NEF 314 by a management plane entity, such as anetwork manager, slice manager or service manager. Alternatively, theconnection information may be provided by the AF 324 to the NEF 314. Theconnection information for a DNAI with an application host, in someembodiments, may also be referred to as routing requirements or routingprofile. In other embodiments, this connection information may be partof the routing profile.

If the AF 324 is not in the trust domain (e.g not within the CN or anetwork trusted by the CN), the AF 324 may interact with the PCF 316 viathe NEF 314. In this case, the AF 324 may provide the potential hostlocation of the application (or a set of locations associated with theapplication) to the NEF 314 in a message, such as an ApplicationLocation Notification message. The NEF 314 can select suitable DNAIs tobe associated with the application in accordance with the informationand the connection information described above. In some implementations,the NEF 314 can also perform the selection in accordance with QoSrequirements associated with the application toward the end-to-endconnection (either on a permanent basis or based on a particularsession). The QoS requirements may be provided by the AF 324 at the sametime other data such as the Application Location Notification message,or it may be transmitted separately. The NEF 314 may indicate theselected DNAI(s) and the respective connection information (selectedportions or in full) to the PCF 316. In some implementations, theconnection information (or routing profile, or routing requirement)indicated by the NEF 314 may be configured in the PCF 316 by amanagement plane function such as network manager, slice manager, orservice manager. In such a case, the NEF may only be required toindicate a connection identifier (or routing requirement identifier, orrouting profile identifier) to the PCF. In accordance with the providedconnection identifier, the PCF 316 may identify the detail from itslocal configuration. In some implementations, the PCF 316 may obtain theconnection information (or routing profile, or routing requirementprofile) upfront from the NEF. In some implementations, the NEF 314obtained the connection information (or routing profile, or routingrequirement profile) from an AF 324.

Where a management plane function acts to configure a CP function, forexample a configuration change to be applied to an NEF 314, theconfiguration may be changed after receipt of a request transmitted byan AF 324. In some implementations, a management plane function canutilize an alternative path to configure a CP function. Whereconventionally a management plane function would configure CP functionsthrough an ‘Element Management’ system in the management plane, inembodiments of the present invention, configuration information can besent to a CP function through the NEF 314. In such a scenario, themanagement plane function can be considered to be acting as an AF thatsends messages to the NEF. This allows the NEF 314 to forwardconfiguration information or instructions without use of an ElementManagement system interface.

A DNAI may be associated with one or multiple UPFs 304. The associationcan be based on the service area of the UPFs 304 or the service area ofthe DNAI. For example, a UPF 304 may be associated with the DNAIs thatare located within the service area of the UPF 304. In other examples,UPFs 304 located within the service area of a DNAI are associated to theDNAI. It should be understood that the service area may be defined interms of geographic area, or it may be determined by a topologicalfunction associated with an area of the mobile network. In someembodiments, the association of a UPF 304 and a DNAI may be based onvirtualization. In this case, the DNAI may be associated with avirtualization environment or platform (in some embodiments the DNAIitself may form the environment or platform). In such embodiments, thevirtual UPFs instantiated within the virtualization embodimentassociated with the DNAI are associated with the DNAI. A UPF 304 may beassociated to one or multiple DNAIs.

Because the association between UPFs 304 and DNAIs may be pre-defined,when the NEF 314 transmits an indication of the suitable DNAIs to thePCF 316, it implicitly indicates the suitable UPFs 304. In somescenarios, the selection of a DNAI may result in the implicit selectionof a subset of the available UPFs 304.

A traffic steering profile may be defined between a DNAI and each of theUPFs 304 associated with it. This traffic steering profile can be usedto describe the traffic steering behavior (including the trafficsteering performance such as delay, throughput, maximum PDU sessionsallowed, etc., and/or routing parameters including protocol headers) ofthe UPF traffic toward the DNAI. The profile may be configured in PCF306 by a management plane entity such as network manager, slice manager,or service manager. In some embodiments, a traffic steering profile maybe configured in UDM 320 (Unified Data Management) or DSF (Data StorageFunction—e.g. UDR 322) and the PCF 316 needs to obtain it by indicatingthe DNAI and the UPF 304 to the UDM 320 or DSF (e.g. UDR 322).

According to the routing profiles, the PCF 316 may select trafficsteering profiles (e.g., those providing matching QoS performance ordesired protocol support). The selected profiles (sometimes referred toas the suitable traffic steering profiles, or the selected suitabletraffic steering profiles) or an indication of the selected profiles canbe transmitted by the PCF to the SMF. The SMF may enforce, or begin toenforce, the received traffic steering policy during sessionestablishment or session modification (or in response to sessionestablishment or session modification). If the traffic steering profilesare also configured in the SMF, the PCF, in some embodiments, will onlyneed to indicate the traffic steering profile identifiers. If thetraffic steering profiles are not configured in the SMF, the PCF 316 mayneed to provide the content of the traffic steering profiles to the SMF.In some embodiments, the SMF 310 is indicated by the traffic steeringprofile identifiers transmitted by the PCF 316 and an indicated SMF 310can obtain the traffic steering profile content form a 3rd CP function,such as UDM 320 or DSF (e.g. UDR 322).

An AF 324 may send requests to subscribe to UP path (re)selectionnotification from the SMF. The subscription can be for earlynotification and/or late notification. In the case of a subscription forearly notification, the SMF 310 sends the notification before executingthe UP path (re)selection. In the case of a subscription for latenotification, the SMF 310 sends the notification after the UP path(re)selection has completed.

The AF 324 requests for subscription to UP path (re)selectionnotification from the SMF may contain at least:

-   In an implementation, traffic identifying information related to the    subscription may be provided. In an implementation the traffic can    be identified by the DNN if the AF is the only AF hosted in the    local DN; otherwise, a combination of DNN and traffic filtering    information may be used to identify the application traffic. In an    implementation, the DNN may identify traffic based on: an AF    request, an application identifier, and/or traffic filtering    information. In an example, the DNN may be used to identify the    traffic of a PDU session, and the Application Identifier may be used    to indicate a particular service of a PDU Session. In the case of IP    traffic, in some embodiments, traffic filtering information (e.g. an    IP 5-tuple as discussed above) may be included-   Information on the UE(s) whose traffic is related to the    subscription. This may correspond to Individual UEs , all UEs,    groups of UEs, identified using either an External Identifier,    External Group Identifier, MSISDN, an IP address, or an IP address    prefix.-   Information on when (temporal validity condition) the subscription    is to apply. The absence of this information may imply the    subscription shall apply immediately.-   Information regarding any spatial validity condition (the geographic    location(s) within which the UE(s) should be located) to determine    whether the subscription applies. Absence of this information may    imply that a default configuration is to be used

In some embodiments, the PCF 316, based on information received from theAF (or the NEF), operator's policy and inputs from other entities (e.g.,user subscription, user's quota, user's current RAT, network loadstatus, time of day, UE location, APN . . . ), can authorize the requestreceived from AF and either provide or select a UP path (re)selectionevent notification policy.

In some embodiments, the PCF 316 may provide the SMF 310 with the UPpath (re)selection event notification policy. The SMF 310 may, based onlocal policies, take this information into account to inform the AF 324of the (re)selection of the UP path (change of traffic steering).

UP (re)selection notification subscription may happen in a chain, forexample, when an AF subscribes to NEF, which in turn subscribes to atleast one of the SMF and PCF. The CP function in the middle of such asubscription chain (e.g in the above example, the NEF) will transmit anotification (in some examples this may be relaying the receivednotification) along the chain. The CP function may maintain its role inthe subscription chain to maintain the mapping between subscriptioncontext with the prior CP function and that of the next CP function inthe chain. Before relaying a notification, the CP function may processthe notification and may enhance or enrich the information in thenotification, reduce or simplify the information in the notification, ortranslate/convert the information in the notification.

The SMF 310 may notify the subscriber network function about the UP(re)selection notification (together with a subscription identifier inthe UP (re)selection notification policy provided by the PCF). In otherembodiments where such a notification is either not required or inembodiments where the subscriber network function can obtain theinformation through other functions, the SMF 310 may be configured tonot transmit the notification message.

In some implementations, the subscriber network function identifier mayindicate a network address associated with the subscriber networkfunction. In some implementations, the SMF interacts with the subscribernetwork function using the subscriber network function identifierdirectly (e.g., through IP routing in the case the identifier is an IPaddress). In some implementations, the SMF maps the subscriber networkfunction identifier to some routing information (e.g. tunnelinginformation) and uses that inform to interact with the AF. In someimplementations, the SMF maintains such mapping, e.g., by aconfiguration from the management plane functions; in some embodiments,the SMF obtains the mapping by interacting with a third CP function,e.g., the NRF or the UDM, by providing the subscriber network functionidentifier to the third CP function and obtaining the mapping inresponse.

In the case in which the AF 324 is in the trust domain (i.e., when theAF interacts with the PCF directly):

-   In some embodiments, the subscriber network function that the SMF    310 sends notification to is the AF 324, and the notification    contains the identifier of the selected anchor UPF of the PDU    session. In some embodiments, the UPF identifier indicates an    address of the UPF 304.-   In some embodiments, the subscriber network function that the SMF    310 sends notification to is the PCF 316, and the notification    indicates the selected traffic steering profile (e.g., by the    traffic steering profile identifier). The PCF 316 then identifies    the corresponding DNAI and indicates the DNAI (together with a    subscription identifier in UP (re)selection notification request    message)—the PCF 316 is performing information translation—to the    subscriber AF 324. In some embodiments, the DNAI is indicated in the    format of network address.

In the case in which the AF 324 is not in the trust domain (i.e., whenthe AF interacts with the PCF via the NEF):

-   In some embodiments, the subscriber network function that the SMF    sends notification to is the NEF, and the notification indicates the    identifier of the selected UPF of the PDU session. The NEF can    determine the address of the UPF to be exposed and the corresponding    application host and can transmit the information to the subscriber    AF (in some embodiments this can be done together with a    subscription identifier in UP (re)selection notification request    message received from the AF). In this case, the NEF can be    considered to be performing at least one of information translation    and information enrichment.-   In some embodiments, the subscriber network function that the SMF    sends notification to is the

PCF, and the notification indicates the selected traffic steeringprofile (e.g., by the traffic steering profile identifier). The PCF canthen identify the corresponding DNAI and provide an indication of theDNAI (together with a subscription identifier) to the subscriber NEF,which can then determine the address of the DNAI to be exposed and thecorresponding application host and notifies the subscriber AF about theinformation (together with a subscription identifier in UP (re)selectionnotification request message received from the AF)—the PCF and in someembodiments the NEF, can be considered to be performing at least one ofinformation translation and information enrichment.

An AF may send the above two types of requests independently. In someimplementations, the AF issuing such requests is assumed to belong tothe PLMN serving the UE. The AF may issue requests on behalf of otherAFs not owned by the PLMN serving the UE. The core network of a 5Gnetwork can make use of a network exposure function to expose networkinformation and capabilities to allow the AF to interact with CNFs forthe purpose of influencing UP path management and traffic routing,either directly or via a NEF.

In the case of the AF interacting with the CNFs via a NEF, theinformation provided by the AF and the information used in the CN may bedifferently formatted or organized. In such a case, the NEF can beconfigured to perform the information processing/mapping.

In the case of the AF interacting with the CNFs directly, the AF canprovide information usable by the CNFs without processing/mapping.

-   The information provided by the AF is converted to    application-influenced UP management policies including N6 -related    traffic routing rules by the PCF and then routed to SMF. The SMF    may, based on local policies, take this information into account to:-   (re)select UPF(s) for PDU sessions.-   activate mechanisms for traffic multi-homing or enforcement of an UL    Classifier (UL CL). This may include, for instance, providing the    UPF with traffic forwarding (e.g. break-out) rules.-   inform the Application Function of the (re)selection of the UP path.

An AF may request that it be notified about the Location Information ofUE(s).

In some embodiments, a system and method is provided for routingapplication traffic between PDU session anchors and traffic-handling AFsthat supports edge computing.

When an edge computing application includes mobility functionality (e.g.the ability to move through the edge computing resources, typically totrack the UE associated with the application), the network address ofthe application in the PDU header may not be the same as the address ofthe location where the application is hosted. This is becauseapplication relocation is a network behaviour not necessarily known tothe UE. Because a PDU header cannot be used for enabling routing (overthe N6 interface) in this case, it is equivalent to an unstructured PDUin the UL. In addition to this, use of unstructured PDUs may beapplication dependent, and may happen to any edge computing application.Accordingly, in some embodiments edge computing application traffic istreated as unstructured PDUs to have a unified edge computing framework.

In some embodiments, the local DN may be responsible for routingapplication traffic between PDU session anchors and traffic-handlingAFs. In particular, the local DN may implement the N6 interface toensure session and service continuity in the presence of UE/applicationmobility. In some embodiments, the local DN provides N6 related trafficrouting information to the Core Network for being configured in PDUsession anchors, i.e., anchor UPFs of PDU sessions associated to edgecomputing applications.

Edge computing enables operator and 3rd party services to be hosted inthe local data networks, close (physically and/or logically(topologically)) to the UE's attachment (R)AN. The close location of theedge computing services allows for efficient service delivery as servicetraffic is limited to the links between the UE attachment point (e.g.the Access Node) and the edge computing resources. This leads to lowerend-to-end latency for traffic between the application and the UE.Additionally, the overall transport network may experience reduced loadas cross-network service traffic is reduced.

In some embodiments, there is provided a method in which the UE requestsdedicated PDU sessions for traffic associated with edge computingapplications. In some implementations, the UE may transmit a request tothe SMF to select whether a dedicated PDU session may be used for asingle edge computing application or shared by multiple edge computingapplications. In some implementation, the UE may transmit the request tothe SMF during the PDU session establishment procedure.

A 5G CN function can select a UPF close to the UE and executes thetraffic steering from the UPF to the local Data Network via a N6interface. The selection may be based on the UE's subscription data,location, policy or other related traffic rules.

Due to user or AF mobility, the service or session continuity may berequired based on the requirements of the service or the 5G network.

The local Data Networks are responsible for proper implementation of theN6 interface to ensure service or session continuity in the presence ofUE mobility and/or AF mobility and provides N6 related traffic routinginformation to the network.

The 5G core network may employ a network function that allows exposureof network information and capabilities to an edge computing AF.

It is noted that, depending on the operator deployment, certain AFs canbe allowed to interact directly with the Control Plane Network Functionswith which they need to interact, while the other AFs need to use theexternal exposure framework via the NEF.

In some embodiments, the functionality supporting edge computing mayinclude, for example:

-   Local Routing: a core network function can select a UPF to route the    user traffic to the local Data Network and configure the UPF with N6    -related traffic routing information.-   Traffic Steering: a core network function can select the traffic to    be routed to the Application Functions in the local Data Network.-   Session and service continuity to enable UE and AF mobility.-   User plane selection and reselection, e.g., based on input from AF.-   Network capability exposure: many core network functions can    exchange information with and an AF (e.g. information about the    capabilities of the functions) via a NEF.-   QoS and Charging: PCF provides rules for QoS Control and Charging    for the traffic routed to the local Data Network.

An AF may send requests to influence SMF routing decisions for trafficof PDU session. This may influence UPF (re)selection and allow routinguser traffic to a local access to a Data Network

In some embodiments, requests to influence SMF routing decisions fortraffic of PDU session may contain some or all of the following:

-   Information to identify the traffic to be routed. The traffic can be    identified by the DNN, and an application identifier or traffic    filtering information.-   Information on where to route the traffic, such as the DNN (e.g. if    all traffic of the PDU session is routed to the application) and/or    the address of the application.-   Potential locations of the application to where the traffic routing    should apply. The potential locations of the traffic handling AFs    are used for UPF (re)selection.-   N6-related traffic routing information to be configured in UPFs. The    information may include, for instance, the address of the end of N6    interface in the local DN and the protocol parameters used for the    N6 interface.-   Information on the UE(s) whose traffic is to be routed. Individual    UEs identified using a UE identifier, such as an External Identifier    or MSISDN, all UEs, or selected groups of UEs.-   Information on when (time indication) the traffic routing is to    apply.

In the above discussion, the AF issuing such requests is assumed tobelong to the PLMN serving the UE. The AF may issue requests on behalfof other applications not resident within the PLMN serving the UE.

In some embodiments, the SMF may, based on local policies, take thisinformation into account to:

-   (re)select UPF(s) for PDU sessions.-   activate mechanisms for traffic multi-homing or enforcement of an UL    Classifier (UL CL). This may include, for instance, providing the    UPF with traffic forwarding (e.g., break-out) rules.-   inform the AF of the (re)selection of the UP path.

In some embodiments, an AF may request to be notified about the LocationInformation of UE(s). The notifications may be any or all of: one-time,in response to the AF notification request, periodic, or in response toa change in state. The change in state may be, for instance, the arrivalor departure of a UE from a geographic location that that eithersatisfies or fails a spatial validity condition.

In an embodiment, (1) the NEF is configured with the information toallow mapping between application identifier and the IP address ofapplication. The configuration can be performed by a management planecomponent, e.g. network manager, slice manager, service manager.

In an embodiment, (2) the NEF is configured with the information toallow mapping between a zone identifier and a geographic area. Theconfiguration can be done by a management component, e.g. networkmanager. In some embodiments, it can be done by a third party functionsuch as an application function or an application server. This mayrequire interaction between the NEF and the 3rd party for theconfiguration. This can be used to provide customized zoning (incontrast to unified zoning in the case of configuration by themanagement plane).

In an embodiment, (3) The NEF translates UE location information (e.g.zone identifier, or uncoded zone information) received from theapplication into information (e.g. IDs) identifying the ANs that servethe geographic zone.

In an embodiment, (4) The NEF provides translated information to theselected CPF such as SMF or PCF.

In an embodiment, (5) the AF implements the NEF functionality. This canbe thought of as an NEF embedded within the AF. In such cases, theinteraction between NEF and CPFs takes place between CPFs and the AF,and the interaction between NEF and AF becomes AF's internal logic. Inillustrated figures, this could be described as drawing a box around theNEF and AF.

In an implementation, a method is provided for connecting a UE to anetwork. The method including the UE providing a DNN and an applicationidentifier in a session request; a SMF obtaining from a PCFapplication-influenced operator policy using UE location the DNN and theapplication identifier. The operator policy may be indexed in PCF byusing, one of DNN, application identifier, UE identifier, location, or acombination of any or all of the choices. In some implementations, thepolicy may be associated with a spatial validity condition. In animplementation, according to the policy the SMF has sufficientinformation to allow for the selection of a UP path (e.g. anchor UPFs).The SMF may setup the UP path and configure traffic steering at theanchor UPF (e.g. traffic destined to the IP address of the applicationis routed to a particular location in the local DN) The SMF canconfigure the traffic steering because it is configured with the mappingbetween application identifier and the IP address of application.

In an implementation, the NEF is configured with information to enablemapping between application identifier and an address, such as an IPaddress, associated with the application. The configuration can be doneby a management plane component, e.g. network manager, slice manager,service manager.

In an implementation, the NEF is configured with information to enablemapping between a zone identifier and a geographic area. Theconfiguration can be done by a management component, e.g. networkmanager. In some embodiments, it can be done by a third party functionsuch as an application function, an application server. This may requireinteraction between the NEF and the 3rd party for the configuration.This allows customized zoning (as opposed to unified zoning in the caseof configuration by the management plane).

In an implementation, the NEF translates UE location information (e.g.zone identifier, or uncoded zone information) received from theapplication into information (e.g. IDs) indicative of the ANs thatserves the geographic zone. The NEF may provide the translatedinformation to the selected CPF such as SMF or PCF.

In some embodiments, the AF implements the NEF functionality, and theinteraction between NEF and CPFs takes place between CPFs and the AF,and the interaction between NEF and AF becomes AF's internal logic.

In an implementation, a system and method is provided for maintaining anefficient UP path for AFs requiring a UP path. In an embodiment, thesystem and method provides for AF-Influenced SSC and UP path managementthat is executed between an AF and the CN CP to maintain an efficient UPpath for AFs that require the UP path. The following is assumed for thisembodiment:

-   The AFs handling the traffic from/to the UE are deployed in a local    DN of the operator.-   An AF is in charge of the (re)selection or relocation of the AFs    within the local DN. The AF interacts with the Control Plane Network    Functions either directly or via the NEF.-   The NEF (or the AF itself when the AF interacts with the CN CP    directly) determines the list of suitable UPFs providing an    efficient UP path towards identified potential AF locations, and    provides this information to the SMF.

It may also be assumed that the NEF can authenticate and validate theinformation received from the application function.

FIG. 16 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of an AF(re)location notification procedure. It should be noted, however, thatin certain embodiments in which an AF 324 is trusted by the operator,the AF 324 can interact directly with CN functions, such that the AF 324also performs the role of the NEF 314 in this method. This is noted insteps 1600-1608, where the AF 324 may participate directly, rather thanvia the NEF 314, in those cases where the AF 324 is trusted by theoperator.

In step 1600 the AF 324 sends an AF (re)location Notification (whichincludes application identifier, AF location information, temporalvalidity condition, spatial validity condition, traffic filter) to theNEF 314.

In step 1602 the NEF 314 (or the AF 324) selects a serving PCF 314 usingthe NRF 318. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15, the serving PCFselected is PCF 318. In some embodiments (not shown), the NEF 314provides the NRF 318 with the local DN name, the edge computingapplication identifier, a spatial validity condition (such as servingaccess nodes identifiers, geographic location or area), and the NRF 318replies to the NEF 314 with the serving PCF according to all or anycombination of these pieces of information. The information may besupplied by the AF 324, or the NEF 314 may derive the information basedon input provided by the AF 324. It should be understood that theinformation provided by NEF 314 to NRF 318 may be provided by the AF324. The information may be provided in a message such as the AF(re)location notification, or it may be determined or derived by the NEF314 through information provided by the AF 324.

Next, in step 1604 the NEF 314 (or the AF 324) processes thenotification and sends a UP management policy update request to the PCF314. In step 1606, the PCF 314 then generates or updates UP managementpolicies according to the request. If the policy generation/updateimpacts an ongoing PDU session and the serving SMF 310 of the PDUsession has subscribed to policy update notification, the PCF 314 willnotify the SMF 310 about the policy update.

In step 1608 the PCF 314 responds to the NEF 314 (or the AF 314) toacknowledge receipt of the request. In the case where the PCF 314responds to the NEF 314 rather than the AF 324, the NEF 314acknowledges, in step 1610, the AF (re)location Notification to the AF324.

FIG. 17 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a UP(re)selection notification procedure. In some embodiments, the AF 324 istrusted by the operator, such that it can interact directly with the CN.In that case, the AF 324 takes the role of the NEF 314 in thisprocedure, and steps 1702 and 1712 are skipped, and steps 1704, 1706 and1708 involve the AF 324 rather than the NEF 314.

The method starts with a UP (re)selection notification procedure 1700.In step 1702 of this procedure, the AF 324 sends a UP (re)selectionNotification Subscription request (which includes PDU session orapplication identifier, temporal validity condition, spatial validitycondition, traffic filter) to the NEF 314, indicating whethernotifications before and/or after UP (re)selection are requested. Asnoted above, this step is optional and may not required in embodimentsin which the AF 324 is trusted by the operator.

In step 1704 NEF 314 (or the AF 324, if it is trusted by the operator)interacts with the NRF 318 to select a PCF. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 16, the selected PCF is PCF 314. In someembodiments, the NEF 314 provides the NRF 318 with the local DN name,the edge computing application identifier, a spatial validity condition(such as serving access node identifiers, geographic location or area),and the NRF 318 replies to the NEF 314 with the serving PCF according toall or any combination of these pieces of information. The informationmay be supplied by the AF 324, or the NEF 314 may derive the informationbased on input provided by the AF 324. Similar to the situationdescribed above, the information provided to the NRF 318 by the NEF 314may be received from the 324 in a (re)selection notificationsubscription request. In other embodiments, the NRF 318 may determine orderive this information based on information received from the NEF 314.In step 1706 NEF 314 (or the AF 324) processes the request and sends aUP (re)selection notification policy update request to the PCF 314.

In step 1708, the PCF 314 generates or updates UP (re)selectionnotification policies in accordance with the received request. If thepolicy generation/update impacts an ongoing PDU session and the servingSMF 310 of the PDU session has subscribed to policy update notification,the PCF 314 can send a notification message to the SMF 310 about thepolicy update.

In step 1710, the PCF 314 responds to the NEF 314 (or the AF 324) toacknowledge the receipt of the request. In the embodiment in which theAF 324 does not interact directly with the CN, the NEF 314 can send anacknowledgement, in step 1712, of the UP (re)selection NotificationSubscription to the AF 324.

Following completion of the UP (re)selection notification subscriptionprocedure 1600, the UP (re)selection notification delivery procedure1714 can be performed. The steps of procedure 1714 are performed as UP(re)selection takes place or as UP (re)selection notification policyupdate is enforced.

In step 1716 the SMF 310 transmits a UP (re)selection Notification tothe NEF 314 that serves as notification to subscribers to the UP(re)selection Notification that UP (re)selection has taken place. Thisnotification takes place before and/or after the UP (re)selection basedon the type of notification requested. It indicates the PDU sessionlocation, which may include the location of the PDU session anchorand/or the IP address of the UE 102.

Early notifications allow the AF 324 to prepare the necessary steps(e.g., AF 324 mobility) related to UP (re)selection. Late notificationsallow the AF 324 to configure the local DN for routing traffic from theAF 324.

In step 1718, in response to receipt of the UP (re)selectionNotification the NEF 314 processes the notification and sends the UP(re)selection Notification to the AF 324. The AF 324 can then indicatethe PDU session location and the corresponding application location.This step 1718 is optional and in some embodiments is only performedwhen the NEF 314 is used by the AF 324. In the case where the NEF 314 isnot used, the AF 324 and PCF 316 can interact directly with each otherand the AF 324 can implement the functions otherwise performed by theNEF 314 (e.g., the functionality related to the present procedure). Ifstep 1718 is performed, in step 1720, the AF 324 acknowledges thedelivery of the notification to the NEF 314.

In step 1722, NEF 314 (or the AF 324) acknowledges delivery of thenotification to the SMF 310.

In an implementation, a “UP management policy update” service is one inwhich the PCF 316 receives a UP management policy update request. Therequest may include application identifier(s), the identifiers of theanchor UPFs suitable for selection for each of the applicationlocations, temporal validity condition, spatial validity condition,traffic filter, and N6 traffic routing information. The output of thisservice is the result of the delivery of the request.

During this service, when the PCF 316 receives a UP management policyupdate request, the PCF 316 generates or updates UP management policiesaccordingly, and acknowledges the receipt of the request towards therequester. If the policy generation/update impacts an ongoing PDUsession and the serving SMF 310 of the PDU session has subscribed topolicy update notification, the PCF 316 will notify the SMF 310 aboutthe policy update.

In another implementation, the “UP (re)selection notification policyupdate” service is one in which the PCF receives a UP (re)selectionnotification policy update request. The request may include applicationidentifier, temporal validity condition, spatial validity condition,traffic filter, type of notification. The output of the service is theresult of the delivery of the request.

During this service, when the PCF 316 receives a UP (re)selectionnotification policy update request, it can generate or update UP(re)selection notification policies accordingly, and acknowledges thereceipt of the request towards the requester. If the policygeneration/update impacts an ongoing PDU session and the serving SMF 310of the PDU session has subscribed to policy update notification, the PCF316 may notify the SMF 310 about the policy update.

In an implementation, the “AF (re)location Notification” service is onein which the NEF 314 receives a notification about the (re)location ofan AF 324. The input notification may include an application identifier,AF location information, temporal validity condition, spatial validitycondition, traffic filter, N6 traffic routing information. The output ofthe service is the result of the delivery of the AF (re)locationnotification.

During this service, when the NEF 314 receives an AF (re)locationNotification, it processes the notification and requests the PCF 316 toupdate UP management policies, and acknowledges the AF (re)locationNotification towards the requester.

In an implementation, the “UP (re)selection Notification Subscription”service is one in which the NEF 314 receives a subscription for UP(re)selection Notification for notifications of UP (re)selection eventsfor specified traffic. The input subscription may include an applicationidentifier, temporal validity condition, spatial validity condition,traffic filter, and type of notification. The output of the service isthe result of the UP (re)selection notification subscription.

During this service, when the NEF 314 receives a UP (re)selectionNotification subscription, it can request the PCF 316 to update UP(re)selection notification policies, and acknowledge the subscriptiontowards the requester. When the NEF 314 receives an UP (re)selectionnotification, it identifies the location of the respectivetraffic-handling AF 324 and notifies the subscribers of the UP(re)selection notification and the traffic-handling AF location.

In an implementation, the “UP (re)selection notification” service is onein which the SMF 310 has a local policy indicating a subscription for UP(re)selection Notification for notifications of UP (re)selection eventsfor an ongoing PDU session. The input for this service is the UP(re)selection notification policy, which may include PDU sessionidentifier, temporal validity condition, spatial validity condition,type of notification, and subscription information. The subscriptioninformation indicates the subscriber NF. The output of this service isan UP (re)selection notification (which may include subscriptioninformation, and PDU session location information). The subscriptioninformation is used to identify the entry of the subscription context inthe subscriber NF.

During this procedure, when the SMF 310 detects a local policyindicating a subscription for UP (re)selection Notification fornotifications of UP (re)selection events for an ongoing PDU session, itregisters the subscription indicated by the policy. When the SMF 310(re)selects the UPF for the PDU session, it notifies the subscribers ofthe UP selection notification. In the case of a subscription for earlynotification, the SMF 310 sends the notification before executing theUPF (re)selection. In this case, the response to this notification mayinclude N6 related traffic routing information. SMF 310 notifies NEF 314which notifies AF 324; the AF 324 responds to NEF 314 which thenresponds to SMF 310. The N6 related traffic routing information may beincluded in the response transmitted by the AF 324 to the NEF 314. TheNEF 314 may process it before sending it to the SMF 310. The processingmay include complementing it with missing information pieces, which isN6 protocol specific, and protocol header compilation. The SMF 310 thenconfigures the anchor UPF to support or use the N6 interface with atraffic handling AF, which may be the AF 324 or a different AF,according to the received N6 related traffic routing information whenexecuting the UPF (re)selection.

In the case of a subscription for late notification, the SMF 310 sendsthe notification when the UPF (re)selection has completed. In animplementation, there is provided a method for PDU session establishmentrequested by the UE 102. In the case of roaming, the AMF 308 candetermine if a PDU session is to be established in Local Breakout (LBO)or Home Routing. In the case of LBO, the procedure is as in the case ofnon-roaming with the difference that any or all of the SMF 310, the UPF304 and the PCF 316 can be located in the visited network.

FIGS. 18A and 18B present a signalling diagram illustrating anembodiment of a procedure for UE-requested PDU Session Establishment fornon-roaming and roaming with local breakout. The procedure assumes thatthe UE 102 has already registered on the AMF 308, thus, the AMF 308 hasalready retrieved the user subscription data from the UDM 320.

In order to establish a new PDU session, the UE 102 generates a new PDUSession ID. The UE 102 initiates the UE Requested PDU Sessionestablishment procedure by, in step 1800 transmitting an NAS Message(S-NSSAI, DNN, application identifier, PDU Session ID, N1 SM information(note that in some embodiments the application identifier may beembedded in the SM information)) containing a PDU Session EstablishmentRequest within the N1 SM information to the AMF 308. The PDU SessionEstablishment Request may include a PDU Type, SSC mode, ProtocolConfiguration Options.

When the DNN points to a local DN, the NAS message may include anapplication identifier corresponding to an Edge Computing applicationhosted in the local DN. The presence of the application identifierindicates it is a request for a PDU session dedicated for the EdgeComputing application.

The NAS message sent by the UE 102 is encapsulated by the AN 308 in a N2message that should include User location information and AccessTechnology Type Information.

The SM information may contain SM PDU DN Request Container containinginformation for the PDU session authorization by the external DN.

In step 1802 the AMF 308 determines that the message corresponds to arequest for a new PDU Session based on the PDU Session ID that is notused for any existing PDU Session(s) of the UE. The AMF 308 selects anSMF 310.

In step 1804 the AMF 308 transmits an SM Request to SMF 310. The SMRequest contains Subscriber Permanent ID, DNN, S-NSSAI, PDU Session ID,AMF ID, N1 SM information, User location information, and AccessTechnology Type. The AMF ID uniquely identifies the AMF 308 serving theUE 102. The N1 SM information contains the PDU Session EstablishmentRequest received from the UE 102.

In step 1806 the SMF 310 transmits the Subscription Data Request(Subscriber Permanent ID, DNN) to the UDM 320. This step is optional andmay be performed if the SMF 310 has not yet retrieved the SM-relatedsubscription data for the UE related with the DNN, the SMF 310 requeststhis subscription data.

If step 1806 is performed, then, in step 1808, the UDM 320 transmits aSubscription Data Response to the SMF 310. Subscription data includesthe authorized PDU type(s), authorized SSC mode(s), Default QoS profile.

The SMF 310 checks whether the UE request is compliant with the usersubscription and with local policies. If it is not compliant then theSMF 310 rejects the UE request via NAS SM signalling (including arelevant SM rejection cause) relayed by the AMF 308, the SMF 310indicates to the AMF 308 that the PDU session ID is to be considered asreleased and the rest of the procedure is skipped.

Step 1810 is the PDU session authentication/authorization, which is fromthe SMF 310 to DN 306 via UPF 304. If the SMF 310 needs toauthorize/authenticate the establishment of the PDU session, the SMF 310selects an UPF 304 and triggers the PDU session establishmentauthentication/authorization. If the PDU session establishmentauthentication/authorization fails, the SMF 310 terminates the PDUsession establishment procedure and indicates a rejection to the UE 102.

If dynamic Policy and Charging Control (PCC) is deployed, then, in step1812, the SMF 310 performs PCF selection. In step 1814, the SMF 310 mayinitiate PDU-CAN Session Establishment towards the PCF 316 to obtain thedefault PCC Rules for the PDU Session. It is noted that, in thisparticular embodiment a purpose of step 1810 is to receive PCC rulesbefore selecting UPF 304. If PCC rules are not needed as input for UPFselection, step 1810 can be skipped.

In step 1816 the SMF 310 selects an SSC mode for the PDU Session. Ifstep 1710 is not performed, the SMF 310 may also select an UPF 304during this step. In case of PDU Type IPv4 or IPv6, the SMF 310 canallocate an IP address/prefix for the PDU Session.

If dynamic PCC is deployed and the PDU-CAN Session Establishment was notperformed in step 1814, then at step 1818 the SMF 310 can initiatePDU-CAN Session Establishment towards the PCF 316 to get the default PCCRules for the PDU Session. Otherwise, if dynamic PCC is deployed and PDUType is IPv4 or IPv6, SMF initiates PDU-CAN Session Modification andprovides the allocated UE IP address/prefix to the PCF 316.

In step 1820 the SMF 310 notifies the AF 324 about the UP pathselection, if the PDU session request is for an Edge Computingapplication and if the AF 324 has subscribed to such an earlynotification related to the PDU session. The notification indicates thePDU session anchor.

If step 1810 was not performed, then the SMF initiates an N4 SessionEstablishment procedure with the selected UPF 304, otherwise itinitiates an N4 Session Modification procedure with the selected UPF 304as illustrated in FIG. 17. In particular, in step 1822, the SMF sends anN4 Session Establishment/Modification Request to the UPF 304 andprovides Packet detection, enforcement and reporting rules to beinstalled on the UPF 304 for this PDU Session. If CN Tunnel Info isallocated by the SMF 310, the CN Tunnel Info is provided to UPF 304 inthis step. Then, at step 1824, the UPF 304 acknowledges by sending an N4Session Establishment/Modification Response. If CN Tunnel Info isallocated by the UPF 304, the CN Tunnel Info is provided to SMF 310 inthis step 1824.

In step 1826, the SMF 310 sends an SM Request Ack (N2 SM information(PDU Session ID, QoS Profile, CN Tunnel Info), N1 SM information (PDUSession Establishment Accept (Authorized QoS Rule, SSC mode))) to theAMF 308.

The N2 SM information carries information that the AMF 308 can provideto the (R)AN 302. The CN Tunnel Info may correspond to the Core Networkaddress of the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session. The QoSProfile can provide the (R)AN 302 with the mapping between QoSparameters and QoS Flow Identifiers. The PDU Session ID may be used by(R)AN signalling with the UE 102 to indicate to the UE 102 theassociation between (R)AN resources and a PDU session for the UE 102.The N1 SM information may contain the PDU Session Establishment Acceptthat the AMF provides to the UE 102. Multiple Authorized QoS Rules maybe included in the PDU Session Establishment Accept within the N1 SMinformation and in the N2 SM information. The SM Request Ack can furthercontain information allowing the AMF 308 to know or determine which UE102 is the target of the SMF 310 request as well to determine whichaccess towards the UE 102 to use.

It is noted that the access information may be provided/used to enablethe case where a UE is simultaneously connected over 3GPP and Non 3GPPaccess.

In step 1828 AMF 308 sends an N2 PDU Session Request (N2 SM information,PDU Session Establishment Accept) to (R)AN 302. The AMF 308 sends thePDU Session Establishment Accept and the N2 SM information received fromthe SMF 310 within the N2 PDU Session Request to the (R)AN 302.

In step 1830 the (R)AN 302 may start an AN specific signalling exchangewith the UE 102 that is related to the information received from SMF310. For example, in case of a 3GPP RAN, an RRC ConnectionReconfiguration may take place with the UE 102 establishing thenecessary RAN resources related to the Authorized QoS Rules for the PDUSession request received in step 1822.

(R)AN 302 can also allocate (R)AN tunnel information for the PDUSession. (R)AN 302 can forward the NAS message (PDU SessionEstablishment Accept) provided in step 1824 to the UE 102. (R)AN 302 mayprovide the NAS message to the UE 102 when the necessary (R)AN resourcesare established and the allocation of (R)AN tunnel information aresuccessful.

In step 1832 (R)AN 302 sends a N2 PDU Session Request Ack ((R)AN TunnelInfo) to AMF 308. The (R)AN Tunnel Information may correspond to theAccess Network address of the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDUsession.

In step 1834 the AMF 308 can send the SM Request (N2 SM information) toSMF 310. More specifically, the AMF 308 forwards the N2 SM informationreceived from (R)AN 302 to the SMF 310.

In some implementations, the UE 102 can notify a CN Function it hassuccessfully established the PDU Session. In some implementations, theUE 102 transmits a NAS PDU Session Establishment Complete message toindicate that the UE 102 has successfully established the PDU Session.In some implementations, successful establishment of a session in (R)AN302 indicated in step 1828 serves as the notification.

If the N4 session for this PDU Session was not established already, theSMF 310, in step 1836, initiates an N4 Session Establishment procedurewith the UPF 304. Otherwise, the SMF 310 initiates an N4 SessionModification procedure with the UPF 304. The SMF 310 provides AN TunnelInfo and CN Tunnel Info. The CN Tunnel Info only needs to be provided ifthe SMF 310 selected CN Tunnel Info in step 1718.

In step 1838 the UPF 304 transmits to the SMF 310 a N4 SessionEstablishment/Modification Response. Following this step, the AMF 308can forward notification of relevant events to the SMF 310, e.g., athandover where the (R)AN Tunnel Info changes or the AMF 308 isrelocated. In some embodiments, the SMF 310 explicitly subscribes tothese events. In other embodiments, the subscription is implicit. Inoptional step 1842 the SMF 310 forwards IPv6 Address Configuration to UE102, via UPF 304. In particular, in the case of PDU Type IPv6, the SMF310 generates an IPv6 Router Advertisement and sends it to the UE 102via N4 and the UPF 304. It should be understood that in someembodiments, after step 1838, the SMF can send an SM RequestAcknowledgement (shown as 1840) to the AMF 308. This may be a responseto the SM Request message 1724.

In step 1844 SMF 310 transmits to the AF 324 a UPF selectionnotification (late notification) message that informs the AF 324 aboutthe UP path selection, if the PDU session request is for an EdgeComputing application and if the AF 324 has subscribed to such a latenotification related to the PDU session. The notification indicates thePDU session anchor. the AMF 308 may store, for the lifetime of the PDUsession, an association of the PDU session ID and the SMF ID.

In an embodiment, there is provided a procedure for AF-influenced SSCand UP path management in edge computing scenarios. The procedure isbetween an AF and the CN CP to maintain an efficient UP path for AFsthat require it. For this procedure, it is assumed that the local DataNetworks that host Edge Computing applications are responsible for theproper implementation of N6 interface to ensure service or sessioncontinuity in the presence of UE mobility and/or AF mobility. In thiscase, UP path reselection may be transparent to the UE 5.

In one implementation, the PDU session anchor reconfiguration is due toapplication relocation. In this case, the application relocation doesnot impact the SMF's UPF selection decision and the SMF 10 only needs tore-configure the N6 traffic routing at the PDU session anchor to ensureUL traffic delivery to the new traffic-handling AF location andrecognition of DL traffic from the new traffic-handling AF location

FIG. 19 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a PDUsession anchor reconfiguration due to application relocation. As shownin FIG. 19, at step 1900 the UE 102 has an established PDU session withthe UPF1 304A as the PDU session anchor. In step 1902 the SMF 310receives a trigger to update the N6 traffic routing configuration at theUPF1 304A. This can be triggered by, for example, the applicationrelocation, policy change, etc. In step 1904 the SMF 310 notifies the AF324 about the UP path reselection, if the AF 324 has subscribed to suchan early notification. The notification indicates the UPF1 304A as thePDU session anchor. Next, in step 1906, the SMF 310 reconfigures the N6traffic routing at the UPF1 304A. In step 1908 the SMF 310 notifies theAF 324 about the UP path reselection, if the AF 324 has subscribed tosuch a late notification. The notification indicates the UPF1 304A asthe new PDU session anchor. In some embodiments, AF 324 subscribes toearly notification only, such that step 1908 is not performed. In someembodiments, AF 324 subscribes to late notification only, such that step1904 is not performed. In other embodiments AF 324 subscribes to bothearly and late notification, such that steps 1904 and 1908 are bothperformed.

In another implementation, the PDU session anchor relocation is for aPDU session dedicated to an Edge Computing application. In this case,the traffic carried by the PDU session is associated only to the EdgeComputing application. If the SMF decides to reselect the PDU sessionanchor for the PDU session, it will move all the traffic associated tothe PDU session to the new PDU session anchor and then release the oldPDU session anchor.

FIG. 20 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a methodfor PDU session anchor relocation for a PDU session dedicated to an EdgeComputing application. As shown in FIG. 20, at step 2000, the UE 102 hasan established PDU session with the UPF1 304A as the PDU session anchor.The PDU session is dedicated for the traffic associated to the EdgeComputing application. In step 2002 the SMF 310 receives a trigger toreselect the UPF2 304B as PDU session anchor. This can be triggered, forexample, by the application relocation, UE mobility, policy change, etc.In step 2004 the SMF 310 notifies the AF 324 about the UP pathreselection, if the AF 324 has subscribed to such an early notification.The notification indicates the UPF2 304B as the new PDU session anchor.In step 2006 the SMF 310 reconfigures the UP path with the UPF2 304B asthe PDU session anchor, including the N6 traffic routing configurationat the UPF2 304B. In step 2008 the SMF 310 notifies the AF 324 about theUP path reselection, if the AF 324 has subscribed to such a latenotification. The notification indicates the new PDU session anchor isUPF2 304B. In some embodiments, AF 324 subscribes to early notificationonly, such that step 2008 is not performed. In some embodiments, AF 324subscribes to late notification only, such that step 2004 is notperformed. In other embodiments AF 324 subscribes to both early and latenotification, such that steps 2004 and 2008 are both performed. In step2010 the SMF 310 releases the PDU session resource with UPF1 304A.

In another implementation, the PDU session anchor relocation is for aPDU session shared by multiple Edge Computing applications. In thiscase, the PDU session carries traffic associated to multiple EdgeComputing applications. If the SMF 310 is triggered to reselect the PDUsession anchor for one Edge Computing application, it will configure anUPF as Uplink Classifier UL (CL) so that the traffic associated to thatEdge Computing application is forwarded from the UL CL to the new PDUsession anchor while the other traffic is forwarded to the old PDUsession anchor.

FIG. 21 is a signalling diagram illustrating an embodiment of a methodfor PDU session anchor relocation for a PDU session shared by multipleEdge Computing applications. As shown in FIG. 21, at step 2100, the UE102 has an established PDU session with the UPF1 304A as the PDU sessionanchor for the traffic associated to the Edge Computing application. Instep 2102 the SMF 310 decides to reselect the UPF2 304B as the PDUsession anchor for the traffic associated to the Edge Computingapplication. This can be triggered, for example, by the applicationrelocation, UE mobility, policy change, etc. In step 2104 the SMF 310notifies the AF 324 about the UP path reselection, if the AF 324 hassubscribed to such an early notification. The notification indicates theUPF2 304B as the new PDU session anchor for the traffic associated tothe Edge Computing application. In step 2106 the SMF 310 configures theUPF2 304B via N4 to be the new PDU session anchor for the trafficassociated to the Edge Computing application. In step 2108 the SMF 310configures via N4 an UPF as a UL CL 304C for the PDU Session and sets upthe two branches from the UL CL 304C to the UPF1 304A and the UPF2 304B.The SMF 310 provides the UL CL 304C with the necessary UL trafficforwarding rules. The SMF 310 then instructs, in step 2110, the (R)AN302 to update N3. In step 2112, the SMF 310 notifies the AF 324 aboutthe UP path reselection, if the AF 324 has subscribed to such a latenotification. The notification indicates the UPF2 302B as the new PDUsession anchor for the traffic associated to the Edge Computingapplication. In some embodiments, AF 324 subscribes to earlynotification only, such that step 2112 is not performed. In someembodiments, AF 324 subscribes to late notification only, such that step2104 is not performed. In other embodiments, AF 324 subscribes to bothearly and late notification, such that steps 2104 and 2112 are bothperformed.

In some circumstances, the network address (e.g. IP address) of an AF324 (an edge computing application) known to the UE 102 does notindicate the actual location where the AF 324 is hosted (e.g. the IPaddress may not point to the server on which the AF is instantiated).This may arise, for instance, due to AF mobility, and may be more commonin a virtualized environment. As a result, the IP address of the AF 324may not work in all uplink (UL) communications from the UE 102.

In some embodiments, joint management of the CN-UP and the local DN maybe employed. A NEF (a CP function in CN) determines the interconnectionbetween UPFs and physical hosts of AFs (i.e., edge computingapplications). The NEF may determine the interconnecting based on the AFinformation provided by the MEC controller and pre-configuredinformation of topology between UPF and AF hosts. The NEF compilesprotocol parameters for the interconnection between UPFs and AF hosts.The compilation may be based on the protocol information provided by MECcontroller and the UE and/or session information provided by other CPFs.The NEF instructs the PCF to generate policies according to themanagement decision. The management decision is on a per session/sessiongroup, per UE/UE group, or per application/service basis

A MEC controller manages serving function chaining within the local DNand manages/configures AF hosts for the interface with UPFs based on theUPF and/or UE information provided by the CN-CP. The management is on aper session/session group, per UE/UE group, or per application/servicebasis.

A SMF (a CP function in CN) manages and configures the path andprotocols between RAN and anchor UPF and configures and anchor UPF forthe interface with AF hosts according to the policies provided by thePCF including protocol parameters and routing destination. The SMF mayfurther provide the MEC controller (directly or via NEF), withinformation related to the anchor UPF and/or the UE. The management ison a per session basis

Referring to FIG. 22, a simplified network diagram is providedillustrating segmented management. The CN-CP 328 manages the CN-UP326and a MEC controller 324 manages the MEC in the local DN 306. The NEF314 manages the linkages between the CN-UP 326 and the local DN 306.Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the linkages managed bythe NEF 314 may be understood to be logical links between networkfunctions in the CN-UP 326 and local DN 306.

A UE 102 may discover MEC applications by sending a discovery request toa CP function. The request may include a local DN name requestingdiscovery of the MEC applications hosted inside the specified local DN.In some implementations, the absence of a local DN name indicates that adiscovery of all MEC applications is requested. The CP function respondsto the UE with the discovery result. The discovery result includes listof <application identifier, [application address]>, where [ ] indicatesthe information is optional. In some embodiments, the discovery resultsare limited to those MEC applications available to the UE 102 or thoseMEC applications that the UE 102 is authorized to use. The applicationaddress is used by the UE 102 for upper layer (such as TCP layer)communication with the MEC application. The MEC application informationmay be maintained by NRF 318 or stored in UDM 320 or SMF 310. The CPfunction can be any relevant CP function, including for example AMF 308,NEF 314, SMF 310, NRF 318. The CP function needs to interact with theNRF 318 or the UDM 320 or SMF 310 to obtain the requested MEC app infobefore replying to the UE 102. The CP function can also be the NRF 318or the UDM 320 or SMF 310. In embodiments where the CP function is AMF308, the discovery procedure can be integrated with registrationprocedure, i.e. in the registration complete message (to the UE 102),the AMF 308 may include the discovery result.

The CP function may notify the UE 102 about changes in the discoveryresult, such as an application address change, through an NAS message.The UE 102 may submit a request for dedicated PDU sessions to handletraffic associated to Edge Computing applications. Such a dedicated PDUsession may be used for a single Edge Computing application or shared bymultiple Edge Computing applications.

In some implementations, the UE's request may specify whether thededicated PDU session is for use with a single Edge Computingapplication or shared by multiple Edge Computing applications. In someimplementations, if the UE 102 requests use with a single Edge Computingapplication, the UE 102 may indicate the application to the SMF 310during the PDU session establishment procedure. The SMF 310 may indicateto the UE 102 the address of the application during sessionestablishment acceptance step.

Joint management resolves the addressing issue in UL communications.While not required, using joint management for DL communications jointmanagement allows the UE IP address to be decoupled from anchor UPFs,i.e. transparent UPF reselection. Anchor UPF reselection may be due toUE mobility, AF mobility, loading, etc. The UE IP address does not needto change as anchor UPF changes.

FIG. 23 is a message flow diagram illustrating representative proceduresfor 3^(rd) party authentication/authorization via the NEF 314. The3^(rd) party authentication/authorization for PDU session establishmentis optionally triggered by the SMF 310 during a PDU sessionestablishment procedure and performed via the NEF 314.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in reference to thisfigure, and to the other figures of the application, there may bediscussion of a network function triggering a process. This should beunderstood to include a network function transmitting a request or anotification to another network function, as well as including a networkfunction initiating an internal process that may result in thetransmission of a request or notification to another network function.In reference to a function triggering a process, the understanding ofthe term “trigger” should not be constrained to a meaning in which astate of the function or another such characteristic is compared to athreshold, and in response to the comparison a process is invoked.

In step 2302 the SMF sends a request for a 3rd partyauthentication/authorization to the NEF 314. As a part of this request,the SMF 310 may provide the NEF 314 with the SM PDU AF Request Containerin a 3^(rd) party authentication/authorization request message. Therequest message may include the DNN, S-NSSAI and/or the applicationidentifier. The application identifier, as described previously, may beprovided by the UE 102 as part of the PDU session establishment request.

In step 2304 the NEF 314 selects an AF 324 using the informationreceived in step 2302. In step 2306 the NEF 314 relays to the selectedAF 324 the SM PDU AF Request Container received from the SMF 310 usingan authentication/authorization request message. The request message mayfurther include the application identifier.

An authentication/authorization procedure 2308 takes place between theUE 102 and the AF 324 with messages transported via the NEF 314, the SMF310 and NAS. In step 2308 a the AF transmits anAuthentication/Authorization request to the NEF 314. Responsive to theAuthentication/Authorization Request, in step 2308 b the NEF 314transmits an NEF Transport (Authentication Message) to the SMF 310,where the Authentication Message includes authentication/authorizationrequest information received from the AF 324 for the UE 102 in the step2308 a. Responsive to receiving the NEF Transport (AuthenticationMessage), in step 2308 c the SMF 310 transmits a NAS SM Transport(Authentication Message) to the AMF 314. In step 2308 d the AMF 324 thenforwards the NAS SM Transport (Authentication Message) to the UE 102 viathe (R)AN 302. In step 2308 e the UE 102 responds by transmitting a NASSM Transport (Authentication Message) to the AMF 308 via the (R)AN 302,where the Authentication Message is intended for the AF 324. In step2308 f the AMF 308 transmits the NAS SM Transport (AuthenticationMessage) to the SMF 310. Responsive to receiving the NAS SM Transport(Authentication Message) in step 2308 g the SMF 310 transmits an SMFTransport (Authentication Message) to the NEF 314. Responsive toreceiving the SMF Transport (Authentication Message), in step 2308 h theNEF 314 transmits an Authentication/Authorization Response to the AF324. It should be understood that alternate procedures comprised ofdifferent steps may also be suitable for use.

In step 2310 the AF 324 based on the Authentication Message of the UE102 concludes the authentication/authorization and sends anauthentication/authorization response message to the NEF 314, to confirmthe successful authentication/authorization of the PDU session or afailure. The AF 324 may provide a SM PDU AF Response Container to theNEF 314 to indicate successful authentication/authorization or failure.The SM PDU AF Response Container may include the identifier(s) ofapplication(s) with which the UE 102 is authorized to use the PDUsession.

In step 2312 the NEF 314 sends a 3^(rd) partyauthentication/authorization response message to the SMF 310 containingthe SM PDU AF Response Container.

FIG. 24 is a call flow diagram illustration representative proceduresfor PDU session establishment authentication/authorization.

In step 2402 the SMF 310 selects a UPF 304. In step 2404 the SMF 310transmits the SM PDU DN Request Container in an N4 Data Forwardingmessage to the selected UPF 304. In some cases, this is referred to asthe SMF 310 “triggering” the PDU session establishment procedure. In anembodiment, the SMF 310 provides the selected UPF 304 with trafficsteering configuration information (which may, for instance, be adetailed configuration message or an identifier pointing to pre-storedconfiguration information accessible to the UPF). The traffic steeringconfiguration information may be part of the N4 Data Forwarding message,or may be transmitted as a separate message to the UPF 304. In step 2406the UPF 304 relays to the DN 306 the SM PDU DN Request Containerreceived from the SMF 310.

An authentication/authorization procedure 2408 takes place and is shownto include steps 2408 a to 2408 h between the UE 102 and the DN 306 withmessages transported via N4 and NAS. It should be understood thatalternate procedures comprised of different steps may also be suitablefor use.

In step 2410, the DN confirms the successfulauthentication/authorization of the PDU session. The DN may provide a SMPDU DN Response Container to the UPF to indicate successfulauthentication/authorization.

In step 2412, the UPF 304 returns an N4 Data Forwarding message to theSMF 310 containing the SM PDU DN Response Container.

FIG. 25A is a message flow diagram illustrating representativeprocedures between the Application Function (AF) 324 and elements of the5G Core Network (5GC). These procedures may be used to maintain orconfigure an efficient user plane path for traffic flows associated withapplications that require the end-to-end user plane path efficiency.

At a first step 2500, the AF 324 may send an AF request message to theNEF 314. It is contemplated that the request message may contain aplurality of fields, such as, for example: Request Identifier;Application Network Identifier; Application External Identifier; TrafficFilter; Temporal Validity Condition; Spatial Validity Condition; RequestType; and Request Content. The AF request message may also includeinformation to indicate current or future sessions to which the requestmay apply. In some such embodiments, a UE identifier, a group of UEidentifiers, an identifier of a group of UEs, or other such informationmay be included within the AF Request.

The Request Identifier may be used to uniquely identify the AF requestmessage, and so may enable the AF 324 to modify or delete the AF requestmessage or to correlate the AF request message with future AF requestmessages. The request identifier may be generated by either the AF 324itself of by the NEF 314. In embodiments in which the AF 324 generatesthe request identifier, it may be included in the AF request messagesend to the NEF 314, which may record the request identifier for futureuse. In embodiments in which the NEF 314 generates the requestidentifier, it may be conveyed to the AF 324 in an AF request responsemessage, which will be described in greater detail below.

The Application Network Identifier may be used to indicate the networkin which the application is located. In this respect, the network inwhich the application is located may be a virtual network, a physicalnetwork, a domain network, etc. The application network identifier canbe in the form network name such as a domain name or a virtual networkname.

The Application External Identifier may be used to identify theapplication that the AF request is related to.

The Traffic Filter may be used to select the traffic to which the userplane path applies. In specific embodiments, the traffic filter may haveany valid combination of one or more of the following forms:

-   -   UE identifiers such as UE External Identifier or Mobile Station        ISDN (MSISDN), e.g. for referring to future traffic of        particular UEs or non-IP traffic of particular UEs;    -   IP addresses/Prefixes, e.g. for referring to IP traffic        associated to on-going PDU sessions;    -   AF request identifiers, e.g. for referring to the traffic        filters defined in previous AF requests;    -   an ANY_UE indicator, for example for referring to the traffic of        any UE.

The Temporal Validity Condition is an optional parameter which may beused to indicate a time period in which the AF request function isvalid. The temporal validity condition may include a set of timeelements such as: start time; end time; and frequency, where thefrequency may, for example, indicate every day, every week, every month,non-repeating, etc.

The Spatial Validity Condition is an optional parameter which may beused to indicate an area in which the AF request message is valid. Forexample, the Spatial Validity Condition may be used to limit thevalidity of the AF request message to the current location of the UE.The spatial validity condition may have the form of one or more zone ordomain identifiers. The zone or domain may refer to a geographic regionor a network zone or domain. A geographic zone may be defined in termsof a geographic boundary (and may be combined with a temporal validitycondition) to apply to any electronic device (e.g. a UE) within thedefined boundary (or to a specified set of devices within the boundary),or it may be defined in terms of the topology of a network (e.g. byspecifying a that the request message applies to any connection througha set of Access Nodes, or other such network nodes or functions) inplace of the geographic coordinate based boundary. As noted above thespatial validity condition may be combined with other validityconditions (e.g. temporal validity or a specification of the UE or UEsto which the request applies) so that the request may be applied to anysession in a time window, where a UE in a specified set of UEs connectswhile in a spatial area defined by either a geographic boundary, ordefined by a network topological constraint (e.g. all sessions where theUE has connected to at least one of a set of Access Nodes in a RadioAccess Network). In embodiments where the AF provides a spatial validitycondition based on geographic locations, a network function within the3GPP compliant network may be used to map the geographic boundarydefinition to a set of network access nodes or other network functionsthat correspond to the geographic boundary.

The Request Type parameter may be used to indicate whether the AFrequest message is an ‘application location notification’, a ‘UPmanagement event subscription request’, or a ‘UE grouping request’, forexample. If desired, other request types may be defined and indicated byuse of the request type parameter. In a further alternative, the RequestType parameter may be used to indicate a combination of two or morerequest types. In such a case, the fields required for those requesttypes must be present in the message format.

The Request Content may be used to provide additional informationrelated to the AF request. If desired, the Request Content may also beused to provide information required to indicate and/or support two ormore request types, either alone or in combination with the Request Typeparameter. In specific embodiments, this additional information may bedependent on the request type. For example, in a scenario in which therequest type parameter indicates that the AF request is an applicationlocation notification, the Request Content may include any one or moreof: potential locations of the application; and respective N6point-to-point tunnelling requirements of the UP path. The potentiallocations of application may be in the form of transport addresses (e.g.server name, IP address, etc.) within the application network. The N6point-to-point tunnelling requirements may indicate a type of tunnel(e.g. no tunnel, IP tunnel, IP/UDP tunnel, Ethernet tunnel, etc.) andrelated tunnelling protocol parameters (such as tunnel end pointaddress/identifier and/or a port number at the application location, forexample). The absence of specific N6 point-to-point tunnellingrequirements may be used to imply that a set of default tunnellingrequirements may be used.

In some embodiments, the Request Content field may also include anEvent/Notification Type parameter to enable a given Request Type to beused in conjunction with two or more types of event. For example, in anAF request message having a Request Type parameter indicative of a “UPmanagement event subscription” request, the Event/Notification Typeparameter may indicate whether the request is an Early Notification orLate Notification, or both. In other embodiments, the Event/NotificationType parameter may, for example, indicate an anchor UPF change event, atraffic steering change event, QoS change event, etc. In someembodiments, the AF may respond to different Event/Notification Typeparameters to perform respective different actions in the local DN, suchas, for example, performing tunnelling configuration, finalizingapplication relocation, or adjusting QoS provisioning.

In some embodiments, the Request Content field may also include a groupidentifier parameter. For example, in an AF request message having aRequest Type parameter indicative of a “UE grouping” request, the groupidentifier parameter is the group ID referring to the group of UEsdefined by the Traffic Filter field in the AF request. In someembodiments, the group identifier parameter is absence, and the NEF isresponsible for allocating a group identifier for the UE group andproviding it to the AF using the response message to. The group ID maybe used by the AF to construct traffic filer for subsequent AF requests.

In response to the AF request message, the NEF 314 may execute (at 2502)an authentication/authorization process between the AF 324, anAuthentication Server Function (AUSF) 312 and a User Data Repository(UDR) 322 or a Unified Data Management (UDM) 320 function. In someembodiments, the term UDR 322 may also be understood to refer to aUnified Data Repository which provides unified data storage to user dataand application-related data such as the policy requirements provided bythe AF (e.g. in the form of AF request).

In some embodiments, the AF 324 may register itself (using its ownidentity) and the applications (e.g. application identifiers, orapplication external identifiers) that it is managing with the network.This registration may also indicate the application network identifier(or the DNN). The registration may be done through a management planefunction such as the service manager, network manager, domain manager,etc. The management function may allocate security credentials to the AFand may store the registration data and security credentials into theUnified Data Management (UDM) 320 or the UDR 322.

In the authentication/authorization process at step 2503, the NEF 314may send AF identity information, the application external identifier(or the application identifier), and/or the application networkidentifier (or the DNN) to the AUSF 312, which may then interact withthe UDM 320 (or UDR 322) for authentication and authorization. The NEF314 may also need to interact with the AF to obtain the AF identityinformation, if that information was not already provided in AF requestmessage, for example. Alternatively, the NEF 314 may provide the AFidentifier to the AUSF, which may then obtain the AF identityinformation from the AF.

The AUSF 312 may discover the AF address through a Network Function (NF)Repository Function (NRF) using the AF identifier in order tocommunicate with the AF. Alternatively, the NEF may provide the AFaddresses to the AUSF, which the NEF may have obtained as part of itscommunication with the AF in step 2500. In other embodiments, other AFaddress discovery methods may be employed.

Following completion of the authentication/authorization process, theNEF may return (at 2504) an AF request response message including aresult code to the AF. The result code may indicate the result of theauthentication/authorization process. If the result is a failure, theNEF 314 may terminate the AF request procedure after step 2504.Otherwise, the NEF 314 may proceed to step 2506, and select a PolicyControl Function (PCF) 316 using the NRF 318. In some embodiments, thePCF 316 may be selected based on the service area of the PCF. Forexample, a PCF having a service area that covers the local DN and/oroverlaps the spatial validity condition in the AF request may beselected at this step. In some embodiments, the PCF 316 may be selectedbased on the service area of the local DN. For example, all the PCFswithin the service area of the local DN may be selected. In anotherexample, the PCF 316 may be selected based on the intersection of theservice area of the PCF and that of the local DN. In some embodiments,the application external identifier (or the application identifier) maybe used for PCF selection. In some embodiments, the PCF 316 may bepre-configured in the NEF 314, in which case the PCF selection step 2506may be omitted.

At step 2508, the NEF 314 may process the AF request message and send apolicy update request message to the PCF 316. The policy update requestmessage may include any one or more of the following parameters: RequestIdentifier; DNN; application identifier; traffic filter; temporalvalidity condition; spatial validity condition; request type; andrequest content.

The Request Identifier may be used to uniquely identify the policyupdate request message, and so may enable the NEF 314 to modify ordelete the policy update request message or to correlate the policyupdate request message with future policy update request messages. Therequest identifier may be generated by either the NEF 314 itself of bythe PCF 316. In embodiments in which the NEF 314 generates the requestidentifier, it may be included in the policy update request message sentto the PCF 316, which may record the request identifier for future use.In embodiments in which the PCF 316 generates the request identifier, itmay be conveyed to the NEF 314 in a policy update request responsemessage, which will be described below. Preferably, the NEF 314maintains a mapping between the policy update request identifier and theAF request identifier received by the NEF in step 2500.

The DNN may be mapped from the application network identifier receivedby the NEF in step 2500. This mapping may be pre-configured in the NEF314. The application network identifier may also be used to identifyrelevant control information such as S-NSSAI that the application isrelated to.

The application identifier may be mapped from the application externalidentifier received by the NEF in step 2500, and used within the 5GC andby the UE 102 to identify the control information (e.g. Single NetworkSlice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI), policies) that theapplication relates to. The mapping between the application externalidentifier and the application identifier may be pre-configured in theNEF 314.

The Traffic Filter field of the policy update request message maycontain policy update request identifiers, which may be generated basedon, or converted from AF request identifiers (if any) in the TrafficFilter field of the AF request message received by the NEF. The trafficfilter field may also contain UE group identifiers. The UE groups thatthe identifiers refer to may be created or defined according to apervious UE grouping request of the AF, and the group membership ismaintained within the UDM 320 (e.g. UDR 322). The UE group may beapplication specific.

The Spatial Validity Condition may take the form of RAN node identifiersor cell identifiers and any may be mapped from the spatial validitycondition of the AF request message received by the NEF in the step2500. The mapping between the spatial validity condition of the AFrequest message and that of the policy update request message may bepre-configured in the NEF.

In a case in which the AF request is an application locationnotification, the request content container may include Routing ProfileIDs and respective N6 point-to-point tunnelling requirements. TheRouting Profile IDs may be mapped from information (such as theapplication network identifier, application external identifier, andpotential locations of application) contained in the AF request messagereceived by the NEF in step 2500. This mapping may be pre-configured inthe NEF by the management plane (MP) directly or through a NetworkFunction (NF), such as PCF 316, UDM 320 or DSF (e.g. UDR 322).

As may be appreciated, pre-configuration of mappings etc (whether thepre-configuration performed at this step or at other steps described inthis disclosure) may be done by a management plane function such as anetwork manager, slice manager, or a service manager.

When the management plane function performs the pre-configuration, itmay use an element management system to install the pre-configurationinformation in the target network function. In some embodiments, themanagement plane function may act as an Application Function andperforms the pre-configuration through the PCF 316 or the NEF 314.

In some embodiments, pre-configuration is not performed directly to thetarget NF, but rather to a third NF such as a UDM 320 or a DSF. Thetarget NF may obtain the pre-configuration information from the third NFproactively (e.g. periodically, or when needed) or reactively (e.g. uponreceipt of a notification from the third NF). Those skilled in the artwill appreciate that the DSF may, in some embodiments, by a UDR 322.

In some embodiments, when a first NF (e.g. PCF) and a second NF (e.g.NEF) are to be pre-configured with the same information (e.g. RoutingProfiles), the pre-configuration may be performed only for the first NF,and the second NF may subsequently obtain the pre-configurationinformation from the first NF.

In response to the policy update request message, the PCF 316 maygenerate (at 2510) one or more UP management polices according to theinformation contained in the policy update request message. Depending onthe policy request type, the generated UP management policies mayinclude traffic steering polices, UP management event notificationpolices, and/or UE grouping policies.

If the traffic filter field of the received policy update requestmessage contains policy update request identifiers, those policy updaterequest identifiers may be converted to corresponding traffic filters.The request message may also contain UE group identifiers which may beconverted to traffic filters (or may be used in conjunction with otherdata to create traffic filters). For the conversion, the PCF mayinteract with the UDR to obtain related policy data. This conversion maybe performed before the PCF provisions policy data to the UDR.Alternatively, the conversion may be performed later when the policy issent to the SMF. Performing the conversion later allows anyupdate/modification to the traffic filters in those police updaterequests (e.g. indicated by the policy update request identifiers) orthe UE group membership to be reflected when the SMF obtains the policy.

A traffic steering policy may include any one or more of: a DNN,application identifier, traffic filter, traffic steering profile IDs, aRouting Profile ID, temporal validity condition, spatial validitycondition, N6 point-to-point tunnelling requirements, and policy updaterequest identifier. The traffic steering profile IDs may be mapped fromthe Routing Profile IDs in the policy update request (at step 2508).

A UP management event notification policy may include any one or moreof: a DNN, application identifier, traffic filter, temporal validitycondition, spatial validity condition, event type, notification type,event notification receiver identifier (e.g. an NEF or an AF or an PCF),and policy update request identifier.

A UE grouping policy may include any one or more of: a DNN, applicationidentifier, UE filter, and the policy update request identifier. In thiscase, the traffic filter in the policy update request (and AF request)may serve as a UE filter, and mapping/conversion may be performed to theUE filter at the NEF and/or the PCF as described above.

Once the UP management polices (or, equivalently, the UP managementpolicy data) have been generated, the PCF may select the UDR andprovision (at 2512) the corresponding UP management policy data to theselected UDR. The UDR may be selected using the DNN and the applicationidentifier. The UE information in the traffic filter can also be usedfor UDR selection, if desired. The UDR may notify any other PCFs thathave subscribed to the policy data change event. Alternatively, this canbe based on the overlapping of (the DNN, application identifier, and/orspatial validity condition (if desired)) and the PCF's service area.

Once the policy data has been provisioned to the UDR, the PCF returns(at 2514) a Policy Update Response message to the NEF (or the AF) toacknowledge the receipt of the policy update request.

The PCF 316 may also notify (at 2516) any SMF's 310 that have subscribedto notification of the policy update event. Alternatively, the PCF 316may identify target SMFs based on the overlapping of spatial validitycondition (if any) and the SMF's service area and notify the identifiedSMFs. Upon receipt of the notification from the PCF 316, the subscribingSMF 310 may obtain the UP management policies, identify the PDU sessionsto which the policies apply, and apply the policies to those PDUsessions.

In order to determine whether or not an SMF 310 has subscribed tonotification of the policy update event, the SMF 310 may send PDUsession properties (such as: application, DNN, UE IP address, UEidentifier, and/or UE location information) to the PCF 316, and the PCF316 may check the PDU session properties against the updated polices.The PCF 316 may provide the updated policies that the PDU session iseligible for to the SMF 310 according to information available to it.The SMF 310 may further check the PDU session against the updatedpolicies using PDU session properties that the PCF 310 does not have.Thus, the information that has been used for checking the PDU session bythe PCF 316 does not need to be provided to the SMF 310. For example, ifa temporal validity condition is checked by the PCF 316, then the SMF310does not need to check it and thus the polices provided to the SMF willnot include it. In an embodiment in which the PCF does not check PDUsession properties, all the information may be provided to the SMF.

If desired, the spatial validity conditions may be verified by the PCF(in this case, the SMF needs to notify the PCF about UE location for thespatial validity condition check) and trigger a policy update. In thiscase, the traffic steering policy and/or the UP management eventnotification policy does not include those conditions, since the policyis always spatially valid if it exits.

If desired, the temporal validity conditions may be verified by the PCF(in this case, the PCF periodically performs the temporal validitycondition check) and trigger a policy update. In this case, the trafficsteering policy and/or the UP management event notification policy doesnot include those conditions, since the policy is always temporallyvalid if it exits.

The SMF may maintain the policy for individual PDU sessions. In thiscase, the policy may not include traffic filter information and thebinding between PDU session and policy may be indicated by the PCF (e.g.PCF checks the PDU session against the policy and if a match is found,then the PCF notifies the SMF to obtain the policy). The policy maycontain traffic filter information. In this case, the SMF may check thetraffic filter to determine whether or not to apply it to a PDU sessionor to which portion of the traffic associated to the PDU session. Inthese two cases, the SMF subscription to the policy update may be ageneral subscription or PDU session specific.

The PDU session may be subject to multiple traffic steering policies.The SMF selects which of the traffic steering policies to apply. In someembodiments, the SMF first selects a traffic steering policy, then itidentifies the UPFs that supports the traffic steering specified in thepolicy (e.g. by the traffic steering profile IDs) and performs UPFselection and traffic steering profile selection. The SMF provides theidentifier of the selected traffic steering profile to the selected UPF.The UPF uses the traffic steering profile identifier to identify thetraffic steering parameters in its local configuration.

In some embodiments, based on the N6 point-to-point tunnellingrequirements in the traffic steering policy, the SMF calculates the N6point-to-point tunnel information and configures it into the PDU sessionanchor. The N6 point-to-point tunnel information may include TrafficForwarding Template (TFT) for mapping N6 tunnel to UP path for DLpackets and packet handling instructions (e.g. tunnelling protocolheader to be applied) for UL packets.

In the example of FIG. 25A, the PCF may be selected (at 2506) based onthe service area of the PCF overlapping the spatial validity conditionin the AF request. FIG. 25B illustrates an alternative embodiment, inwhich the PCF is selected based on a DNN and an application identifier.FIG. 25C illustrates another alternative embodiment, in which the PCF isselected by the UDM (or UDR) rather than the NEF.

As may be seen in FIG. 25B, the call flow (also referred to as a messageflow) process is broadly similar to that of FIG. 25A, except that inthis case, step 2512 is omitted and step 2506 (PCF selection) isreplaced by an alternative step (2518), in which the NEF 314 (or the AF324) may map the application network identifier to a DNN and theapplication external identifier to an application identifier, andprovide the resulting DNN and application identifier information to theNRF 318 for selecting the PCF 316. The UE information in the trafficfilter can also be used for PCF selection. The application identifiermay be used within the 5GC and by the UE to identify the controlinformation (e.g. S-NSSAI, policies) that the application relates to. Insome embodiments, multiple PCFs are selected and the NEF (or the AF)sends the policy update request to all the selected PCFs. In someembodiments, the NEF 314 (or the AF 324) performs PCF selection byselecting a PCF agency (which is network function) and sends the policyupdate request to the PCF agency, which then send it to all the PCFsthat it is serving or delegating. In some embodiments, the mappings maybe pre-configured in the NEF (or the AF). In some embodiments, theselection of the PCF may be pre-configured in the NEF (or the AF), inwhich case the PCF selection step may be omitted.

Referring to FIG. 25C, in the illustrated alternative embodiment, the AF324 and NEF 314 interact to perform steps 2500, 2502 and 2504 asdescribed above with reference to FIG. 3A. Next (at 2520), the NEF 314(or the AF 324) may map the application network identifier to a DNN andthe application external identifier to an application identifier, anduse the resulting DNN and application identifier information to select aUDM 320. The UE information in the traffic filter can also be used forUDM selection. The application identifier may be used within the 5GC andby the UE 102 to identify the control information (e.g. S-NSSAI,policies) that the application relates to. In some embodiments, themappings may be pre-configured in the NEF (or the AF). In someembodiments, the selection of the UDM may be pre-configured in NEF, inwhich case the UDM selection step 2520 may be omitted.

At step 2522, the NEF 314 may process the AF request message and send anApplication Data Update request message to the UDM 320. The applicationdata update request message may include any one or more of the followingparameters: Request Identifier; DNN; application identifier; trafficfilter; temporal validity condition; spatial validity condition; requesttype; and request content.

The Request Identifier may be used to uniquely identify the applicationdata update request, and so may enable the NEF to modify or delete theapplication data update request or to correlate the application dataupdate request with future policy update requests. The requestidentifier may be generated by either the NEF 314 itself or by the UDM320 (or UDR 322). In embodiments in which the NEF 314 generates therequest identifier, it may be included in the application data updaterequest message sent to the UDM 320 (or UDR 322), which may record therequest identifier for future use. In embodiments in which the UDM (orUDR) generates the request identifier, it may be conveyed to the NEF 314in an application data update response message, which will be describedin greater detail below. Preferably, the NEF 314 maintains a mappingbetween the application data update request identifier and the AFrequest identifier received by the NEF 314 in step 2500.

The DNN may be mapped from the application network identifier receivedby the NEF in step 2500. This mapping may be pre-configured in the NEF.

The application identifier may be mapped from the application externalidentifier received by the NEF in step 2500, and used within the 5GC andby the UE to identify the control information (e.g. Single Network SliceSelection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI), policies) that theapplication relates to. The mapping between the application externalidentifier and the application identifier may be pre-configured in theNEF.

The Traffic Filter field of the policy update request message maycontain policy update request identifiers, which may be generated basedon AF request identifiers (if any) in the Traffic Filter field of the AFrequest message received by the NEF.

The Spatial Validity Condition may take the form of RAN node identifiersor cell identifiers and any may be mapped from the spatial validitycondition of the AF request message received by the NEF in the step2500. The mapping between the spatial validity condition of the AFrequest message and that of the policy update request message may bepre-configured in the NEF.

At step 2524, the UDM 320 (or UDR) may return an Application Data UpdateResponse message to the NEF 314.

Next, the UDM 320 (or UDR) may identify any PCFs that have subscribed tonotification of application data updates. Alternatively, the UDM 320 (orUDR) may identify any PCFs having a service area that includes the localDN or intersects the service area of the local DN. The UDM 320 (or UDR)may then send (at 2526) corresponding Application Data ChangeNotification messages to each identified PCF 316. Based on theinformation contained in received Application Data Change Notificationmessages, a PCF 314 can generate Policies and forward correspondingPolicy Update Notifications to subscribing SMFs 310, as described aboveat steps 2510 and 2516. In some embodiments, the application data changenotification is a simple signal and does not include the change detail,and the PCF needs to interact with the UDM (or UDR) to obtain the changedetail and generate policies accordingly.

It will be noted that, in the example of FIG. 25C, since the UDM 320 isused to select the PCF 314, the UDM 320 (or UDR) selection andnotification steps described above at 2512 and 2514 may be omitted.

As may be appreciated, an Application Function 324 that is trusted bythe operator may interact directly with the PCF 316. In such a case, theAF 324 may also perform the role of the NEF in the procedure. FIG. 26illustrates an example call flow diagram corresponding to the example ofFIG. 25A, in which steps 2500, 2502 and 2504 of FIG. 25A are either notperformed or are performed by the AF 324, and steps 2506, 2508 and 2514are replaced by steps 2600, 2602 and 2604 which are performed by the AF324, but are otherwise identical to steps 2506, 2508 and 2514. It willbe appreciated that analogous variants exist for the embodiments ofFIGS. 25B, 25C and 27A-27B, which, for the sake or brevity are not bedescribed in detail in this description.

FIG. 27A is a call flow diagram (also referred to as a message flowdiagram) illustrating a process for UP path management notification toan AF 324. It may be appreciated that an Application Function that istrusted by the operator may interact directly with the PCF 316. In sucha case, the AF 324 may take the role of the NEF 314 in this procedure.The UP management event notification procedure may be performed eitherbefore the UP management event is initiated in the user plane and/orafter it is completed, depending on the type of notification.

For the purposes of this procedure, the AF may subscribe (at 2700) to UPmanagement event notifications from the SMF 314 using any suitableprocess such as, for example, as described above, or as set out in anapplicable 3GPP Technical Standard.

In a first step (at 2702) the SMF 310 may apply an operator policy, andidentify (at 2704) each NEF (or AF) that requested a correspondingpolicy update notification.

Then, the SMF 310 may send (at2706) a UP management event notificationmessage to the (or each) identified NEF (or AF). The UP management eventnotification message may include one or more of the followingparameters: Policy Update Request Identifier (or Application Data UpdateRequest Identifier); Traffic Filter; Event Type; Notification Type; andEvent Notification Content.

The Policy Update Request Identifier (or Application Data Update RequestIdentifier) may be obtained by the SMF from within the operator policy.

The Traffic Filter may indicate the traffic that the UP management eventis related to, which is a portion of the traffic specified by theTraffic Filter field in the policy update request. The absence of aTraffic Filter in the UP management event notification message may beused to indicate that the UP management event is related to all thetraffic specified by the traffic filter in the policy update request.The traffic filter may include any suitable combination of: UEidentifiers such as UE External Identifier or MSISSDN; and IPaddresses/Prefixes

The Notification Type may be used to indicate whether the UP managementevent notification is either Early Notification or Late Notification.

The Event Notification Content may be used to provide additionalinformation related to the UP management event. The Event NotificationContent may include any one or more of: traffic filter; applicationlocation; anchor UPF location; and N6 point-to-point tunnel information.The application location may take the form of a Routing Profile ID orDNAI or traffic steering profile ID. The anchor UPF location may takethe form of a network address, which may be dependent on the tunneltype. For example, for an IP tunnel, it is in the form of IP address;for an Ethernet tunnel, it is in the form of Ethernet address. In someembodiments, the Anchor UPF location information may be used forsupporting the N6 point-to-point tunneling in the local DN. The N6point-to-point tunnel information may be provided to be configured atthe application location for binding DL traffic with N6 point-to-pointtunnel so as to ensure proper DL packet delivery. The N6 point-to-pointtunnel information may include tunnel end point address/identifierand/or port number at the anchor UPF side. The form of the tunnel endpoint address/identifier may be dependent on the tunnel type. Forexample, for an IP tunnel, the tunnel end point address/identifier willpreferably be in the form of IP address; for an Ethernet tunnel, it willpreferably be in the form of Ethernet address. In specific embodiments,the particular information provided in the Event Notification Contentmay be dependent on the type of event referenced by the UP managementevent notification. For example, in case of a QoS change event, theEvent Notification Content may include new “QoS rules”. In a furtherexample, if the event type is traffic steering change, then the EventNotification Content may include application location, anchor UPFlocation, and N6 point-to-point tunnel information.

Based on the received UP management event notification message, the NEF314 may send (at 2708) a corresponding UP management event notificationmessage to the AF 324. The UP management event notification message sentto the AF 324 may include any one or more of: AF request identifier;event type; notification type; and event notification content. The AFrequest identifier may be mapped from the policy update requestidentifier contained in the Policy Update Request message describedabove with reference to FIGS. 25 and 26. The event notification contentmay be mapped from the Event Notification Content of the UP managementevent notification message received by the NEF from the SMF (in step2706). For example, the application location may be translated from inthe form a Routing Profile ID or DNAI or traffic steering profile ID toin the form of a network address that refers to a location where theapplication is deployed.

Following receipt of the UP management event notification message fromthe NEF 310, the AF 324 may send (at 2710) an acknowledgement message tothe NEF 314. The acknowledgement may include N6 point-to-point tunnelinformation that is to be configured in the anchor UPF 304.

The NEF 314 may then send (at 2712) an acknowledgement of the originalUP management event notification message to the SMF 310. In embodimentsin which the AF provides N6 point-to-point tunnel information to the NEF314, this information may be included in the acknowledgement messagesent to the SMF 310.

Upon the receipt of the acknowledgement message from the NEF 314, theSMF 310 may configure (at 2714) N6 point-to-point tunnel information inthe anchor UPF.

As noted above, an Application Function that is trusted by the operatormay interact directly with the SMF 310. In such a case, the AF 324 mayalso perform the role of the NEF 314 in the procedure of FIG. 27A.Accordingly, steps 2708 and 2710 will not be performed, and steps 2706and 2712 are performed by the AF 324.

FIG. 27B is a call flow diagram (also referred to as a message flowdiagram) illustrating an alternative process for UP path managementnotification to an AF 324. As in the embodiment of FIG. 27A, the UPmanagement event notification procedure may be performed either beforethe UP management event is initiated in the user plane and/or after itis completed, depending on the type of notification.

For the purposes of this procedure, the PCF 316 may subscribe (at 2716)to UP management event notifications from the SMF 310 using any suitableprocess such as, for example, as described above, or as set out in anapplicable 3GPP Technical Standard. Similarly, the AF may subscribe (at2718) to UP management event notifications from the PCF 316.

In a first step (at 2702) the SMF 310 may apply an operator policy, andidentify (at 2720) each PCF 316 that requested a corresponding policyupdate notification.

The SMF 310 may send (at 2722) a UP management event notificationmessage to the (or each) identified PCF 316. The UP management eventnotification message may be formatted as described above with referenceto FIG. 27A.

Based on the received UP management event notification message, the PCF316 may send (at 2724) a corresponding UP management event notificationmessage to the NEF 314. Before sending the message, it may convert thetraffic steering profile ID or DNAI in the message to a routing profileID. The UP management event notification message sent to the NEF 314 mayinclude any one or more of: AF request identifier; event type;notification type; and event notification content. The AF requestidentifier may be mapped from the policy update request identifiercontained in the Policy Update Request message described above withreference to FIGS. 25 and 26. The event notification content may bemapped from the Event Notification Content of the UP management eventnotification message received by the NEF from the SMF (in step 2706).For example, the application location may be translated from in the forma Routing Profile ID to in the form of a network address that refers toa location where the application is deployed. The NEF 314 may forward(at 2726) the received UP management event notification message to theAF 324.

In some embodiments, the UP management event notification message sentto the NEF 314 or the PCF 316 may also include a content format fieldwhich provides information about how the data is structured to allow anetwork function to properly interpret the information in the eventnotification content. For example, the event notification content may beused to contain different types of information (such as routing profileID, traffic steering profile ID, or event DNAI) depending of thereceiver function. In such a case, the content format field may be usedto indicate the appropriate format to be used to read the information inthe event notification content field. The content format field may setby the PCF when policy is created, or based on the content of the UPmanagement even notification from the SMF (at step 2722).

Following receipt of the UP management event notification message fromthe NEF 314, the AF 324 may send (at 2728) an acknowledgement message tothe NEF 314. The acknowledgement may include N6 point-to-point tunnelinformation that is to be configured in the anchor UPF 304.

The NEF 314 may send (at 2730) an acknowledgement of the original UPmanagement event notification message to the PCF 316. In embodiments inwhich the AF 324 provides N6 point-to-point tunnel information to theNEF 314, this information may be included in the acknowledgement messagesent to the PCF 316.

Upon the receipt of the acknowledgement message from the NEF 314, thePCF 316 may forward (at 2732) the acknowledgement message to the SMF310.

Upon the receipt of the acknowledgement message from the PCF 316, theSMF 310 may configure (at 2714) N6 point-to-point tunnel information inthe anchor UPF 304.

As noted above, an Application Function that is trusted by the operatormay interact directly with the PCF 316. In such a case, the AF 324 mayalso perform the role of the NEF 314 in the procedure of FIG. 27B.Accordingly, steps 2726 and 2728 will not be performed, and steps 2725and 2730 would be performed by the AF 324.

FIGS. 28A and 28B show a call flow diagram (also referred to as amessage flow diagram) illustrating a process for UE-requested PDUSession Establishment for non-roaming scenarios. The procedure of FIGS.28A and 28B assumes that the UE 102 has already registered on the AMF308 thus the AMF 308 has already retrieved the user subscription datafrom the UDM 320.

At a first step (at 2800) the UE 102 initiates the UE Requested PDUSession establishment procedure by generating and sending a NAS messageto the AMF 308. The NAS message may comprise S-NSSAI, DNN, applicationidentifier, PDU Session ID, and N1 SM information, and may contain a PDUSession Establishment Request within the N1 SM information. The PDUSession Establishment Request may include a PDU Type, SSC mode, andProtocol Configuration Options. The application identifier may be usedfor describing URSP as described in clause A.3.1.3.3 of TS 23.501.

The NAS message may include an application identifier corresponding toan Edge Computing application. This may occur, when the DNN points to alocal DN. The presence of the application identifier indicates it is arequest for a PDU session whose use is intended or dedicated for theEdge Computing application.

The NAS message sent by the UE 102 may be encapsulated by the AN in a N2message that may also include User location information and Accesstechnology Type Information.

The SM information may contain SM PDU DN Request Container containinginformation for the PDU session authorization by the external DN.

Based on the information provided in the NAS message, the AMF 308 maydetermine that the message corresponds to a request for a new PDUSession based on the PDU Session ID that is not used for any existingPDU Session(s) of the UE. The AMF may then select (at 2802) an SMF forthe PDU Session.

At a next step (at 2804), the AMF 308 may send an SM request message tothe selected SMF 310. The Request message may include parameters suchas: Subscriber Permanent ID, DNN, application identifier, S-NSSAI, PDUSession ID, AMF ID, N1 SM information, User location information, andAccess Technology Type). The AMF ID uniquely identifies the AMF 308serving the UE. The N1 SM information contains the PDU SessionEstablishment Request received from the UE 102.

Based on the information provided in the SM request message, the SMF 310may perform one or more checks to determine whether or not the UErequest is compliant with the user subscription and with local policies.This may include sending (at 2806) a Subscription Data Request to theUDM 320, and receiving (at 2808) a Subscription Data Response providinginformation of the user subscription. Subscription data may include theauthorized PDU type(s), authorized SSC mode(s), Default QoS profile, andsubscription-defined group information (e.g. Group Identifiers). If theSMF 310 has not yet retrieved the SM-related subscription data for theUE 102 related with the DNN, the SMF 310 may also request thissubscription data from the UDM 320.

If the UE request is not compliant with the user subscription and localpolicies, then the SMF 310 may reject the UE request via NAS SMsignalling to indicate to the AMF 308 that the PDU session ID is to beconsidered as released and the procedure terminates.

In embodiments in which the SMF 310 needs to authorize/authenticate theestablishment of the PDU session via a third party, the SMF may triggerthe applicable third-party PDU session establishmentauthentication/authorization process 2810. The triggering of the thirdparty PDU session establishment process 2810 may include the SMF 310transmitting a request to a third party authentication service, whichmay reside within the DN. This process 2810 may be via the UPF or theNEF, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. If the PDU sessionestablishment authentication/authorization fails, the SMF 310 mayterminate the PDU session establishment procedure and indicates arejection to the UE 102.

In embodiments in which dynamic PCC is deployed, the SMF 310 may performPCF selection (at 2812). The SMF 310 may also initiate PDU-CAN SessionEstablishment (2814) with the PCF 316 to obtain the default PCC Rulesfor the PDU Session. In embodiments in which dynamic PCC is deployed andthe DNN points to a local DN, the SMF 310 may provide the DNN and theapplication identifier to the PCF 316. Additional information can beprovided to the PCF 316 to enable more detailed policy decisions. Forexample, UE information (such as location information, UE identifier,subscription-defined group information, etc.) or traffic information(e.g. UE IP address) can be provided so that the PCF may respond onlywith policy that tailored to the requirements of the specific UE ortraffic. Other PDU session related information can be provided, ifdesired. The PCF may use this information to obtain relevant policy datafrom the UDR for policy decisions. This may trigger the PCF to subscribeto notifications of policy data change related to the DN and/or theapplication from the UDR. The PCC Rules may include UP path managementevent notification policies. The PCC Rules may include information of N6Tunnel related to the DN (such as address and/or port number of thetunnel end in the DN). It may be appreciated that the purpose of thisstep is to receive PCC rules before selecting the UPF. If PCC rules arenot needed as input for UPF selection, this step can be omitted.

The SMF 310 may select (at 2816) a UPF 304 and an SSC mode for the PDUSession. In embodiments in which the PDU Type is either IPv4 or IPv6,the SMF 310 may allocate an IP address/prefix for the PDU Session. ForUnstructured PDU Type, the SMF 310 may allocate an IPv6 prefix for thePDU session and N6 point-to-point tunnelling (based on UDP/IPv6). Iftraffic steering policies are provided, the SMF 310 may also select atraffic steering profile or policy in this step.

In embodiments in which dynamic PCC is deployed and the PDU-CAN SessionEstablishment was not performed at step 2514, the SMF 310 may initiate(at 2818) PDU-CAN Session Establishment towards the PCF 316 to obtainthe default PCC Rules for the PDU Session. If the DNN points to a localDN, in addition to the UE information (e.g. UE identifier,subscription-defined group information) the SMF 310 may also provide theDNN and the application identifier (if available) to the PCF 316.Otherwise, if dynamic PCC is deployed and the PDU Type is either IPv4 orIPv6, the SMF 310 may initiate PDU-CAN Session Modification and providethe allocated UE IP address/prefix to the PCF 316. If dynamic PCC isdeployed, for unstructured PDU type, the SMF 310 may provide the IPv6prefix allocated for the PDU session to the PCF 316.

At a next step (2820), the SMF 310 may select a traffic steering profileor policy.

In embodiments in which UP path management event notification policesare provided, the SMF may notify (at 622) the AF (or NEF) about the UPpath selection. If the traffic steering policies indicate a need fordynamic configuration on N6 Tunnel information between the SMF 310 andthe AF 324, the negotiation may also be performed along with the UP pathselection notification. The notification may include N6 tunnelinformation related to the UPF (e.g. the address and/or port number ofthe UPF) and an indication that this is an early notification.

At step 2824, the SMF 310 may send an N4 SessionEstablishment/Modification Request to the UPF 304 and provide Packetdetection, enforcement and reporting rules to be installed on the UPF304 for this PDU Session. In embodiments in which the PDU sessionauthentication process is not performed (at 2810), the N4 SessionEstablishment/Modification Request message may be used to initiate an N4Session Establishment procedure with the selected UPF 308, otherwise itmay be used to initiate an N4 Session Modification procedure with theselected UPF 308: If CN Tunnel Info is allocated by the SMF, theapplicable CN Tunnel Info is provided to UPF 308 in this step. If N6Tunnel is to be supported, the applicable N6 Tunnel information isprovided to UPF 304 in this step. It should be understood that the N6Tunnel information does not necessarily have to be provided to the UPF304 in this step.

The UPF may acknowledge the N4 Session Establishment/ModificationRequest message by sending (at 2826) an N4 SessionEstablishment/Modification Response message to the SMF. If CN TunnelInfo is allocated by the UPF 308, the applicable CN Tunnel Info may alsobe provided to SMF 310 in this step.

At step 2828, the SMF 310 may return an SM Request Acknowledgmentmessage to the AMF 308. The SM Request Acknowledgment message maycontain parameters such as: N2 SM information (e.g. PDU Session ID, QoSProfile, and CN Tunnel Info); N1 SM information (e.g. PDU SessionEstablishment Accept (including Authorized QoS Rule, and SSC mode)). TheN2 SM information may carry information that the AMF needs to provide tothe (R)AN. The CN Tunnel Info may correspond to the Core Network addressof the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session. The QoS Profile mayprovide the AN with the mapping between QoS parameters and QoS FlowIdentifiers. The PDU Session ID may be used by AN signalling with the UEto indicate to the UE the association between AN resources and a PDUsession for the UE. The N1 SM information may contain the PDU SessionEstablishment Accept message that the AMF needs to provide to the UE.Multiple Authorized QoS Rules may be included in the PDU SessionEstablishment Accept message within the N1 SM information and in the N2SM information.

The SM Request Acknowledgement message may further contain informationallowing the AMF to identify which UE is the target of the SMF requestas well to determine which access towards the UE to use. The accessinformation may be used to deal with the case where a UE issimultaneously connected over 3GPP and Non 3GPP access.

Referring now to FIG. 28B, at step 2830, the AMF may send an N2 PDUSession Request message to the R(AN) 302. The N2 PDU Session Requestmessage may contain parameters such as: N2 SM information; and PDUSession Establishment Accept.

In response to the N2 PDU Session Request message, the R(AN) 302 mayinitiate (at 2832) AN specific signalling exchange with the UE 102 toset up resources for the PDU session. For example, in the case of a 3GPPRAN, an RRC Connection Reconfiguration may take place with the UE 102establishing the necessary RAN resources related to the Authorized QoSRules for the PDU Session. Nodes within the (R)AN may also allocate(R)AN tunnel information for the PDU Session. The (R)AN nodes mayforward the NAS message (including the PDU Session Establishment Accept)to the UE, if the necessary RAN resources are established and theallocation of (R)AN tunnel information are successful.

Following set up of the resources for the PDU session, the (R)AN node302 may send (at 2834) an N2 PDU Session Request Acknowledgment messageto the AMF 308. The N2 PDU Session Request Acknowledgment message mayalso include (R)AN Tunnel Information corresponding to the AccessNetwork address of the N3 tunnel for to the PDU session. Followingreceipt of the N2 PDU Session Request Acknowledgment message by the AMF304, the UE 102 may be able to begin transmitting (at 2836) Uplink dataof the PDU session to the UPF 304.

At a next step (2838), the AMF 308 may forward the N2 SM informationreceived from (R)AN to the SMF 310, using an SM Request message thatincludes the N2 SM information.

Next, the SMF 310 may send (at 2840) an N4 Session Modification Requestto the UPF 304 in order to provide AN Tunnel Info and (optionally) CNTunnel Info for the N4 session associated with the new PDU session. In acase in which the N4 session for the new PDU Session has not alreadybeen established, the SMF 310 may initiate an N4 Session Establishmentprocedure with the UPF 304 to establish the N4 session with the ANTunnel Info and (optionally) CN Tunnel Info. Otherwise, the SMF 310 mayinitiate an N4 Session Modification procedure with the UPF 304 to addthe AN Tunnel Info and (optionally) CN Tunnel Info to the existing N4session. Note that the CN Tunnel Info only needs to be provided if theSMF 310 selected CN Tunnel Info in step 2816.

Following receipt of the N4 Session Establishment/Modification Responsefrom the UPF (at 2842), the SMF 310 may notify (at 2844) the AF 324 (orNEF 314) about the UP path selection, if UP path management eventnotification polices are provided and indicate the need of latenotification. The notification may include N6 tunnel information relatedto the UPF (e.g. the address and/or port number of the UPF) and anindication that this is a late notification. If N6 Tunnel is to be used,this step may indicate to the AF that the N6 Tunnel is ready for use.Subsequently, the AMF may forward relevant events to the SMF, forexample at handover where the (R)AN Tunnel Info changes or the AMF isrelocated.

The SMF 310 then returns (at 2846) an SM Request Acknowledgement to theAMF 308 before generating and sending (at 2848) an IP RouterAdvertisement to the UE 102 via the N4 session and the UPF 304. Thisstep provides the IP configuration information so that Downlink Data canbe transmitted to the UE (at 2850).

During the lifetime of the PDU session, the AMF 308 stores anassociation of the PDU session ID and the SMF ID.

FIGS. 29A and 29B show a call flow diagram illustrating a process forUE-requested PDU Session Establishment for roaming with local breakout.The procedure of FIGS. 29A and 29B is closely similar to that of FIGS.28A and 28B, except that in the case of roaming with local breakout, theSMF 310, UPF 304 and the PCF 316 are all located in the visited network.This implies that steps 2820, 2822 and 2844 described above are notperformed.

FIG. 30 is a flowchart illustrating a hand-off process in accordancewith an example embodiment of the present invention. It will be wellunderstood that in the illustrated flow charts different entities areresponsible for carrying out different steps. It should be furtherunderstood that this is showing the interaction of multiple independentmethods each of which is carried out at a different node or function. Avariation one of the methods will not necessarily require a change inthe other method. Furthermore, where reference is made to a firstfunction sending a message to a second function, it should be understoodthat this implies that the second function carries out the step ofreceiving the message transmitted by the first function.

At a first step (3000) an AF may subscribe to notification of UEmobility events for some particular traffic associated with anapplication. UE mobility events may, for example, include the UE movingout of the service area of the current local DN.

Subsequently, an AMF may detect the UE mobility event (at 3002), andsends a corresponding notification to the AF (at 3004). Alternatively,the AMF may notify the SMF, and the SMF in turn notifies the AF. Thenotification may be sent via the NEF (e.g. when the AF is untrusted) ordirectly to the AF (e.g. when the AF is in the trust domain). Thenotification may include the target local DNs (where the application isalso deployed) that the UE is moving into.

Upon receipt of the notification, the AF may identify (at 3006) a secondAF that is associated with the application in a target DN, and notifiesthe second AF about the application IDentifier, the traffic filter(indicating the impacted application traffic) and the applicationcontext information. The AF may optionally notify the second AF aboutthe AMF notification identifier (carried in the AMF notification).

The second AF may then send a request (at 3012) to the 5GC (eg. The SMF)to trigger PDU session establishment or resumption after the UE entersthe target local DN. The request sent to the 5GC (e.g. the SMF) for PDUsession establishment or resumption may include the AMF notificationidentifier and/or the traffic filter, so that the 5GC can resume thecorrect PDU session or inform the UE to establish PDU sessions for theproper traffic.

Once the UE mobility event has occurred, the AMF may send acorresponding notification to the SMF (at 3008), and the SMF may respondby deactivating or releasing (at 3010) the PDU session associated withthe application.

In some cases, the same AF may be associated with the application inboth the current and target DNs. In this case, the “AF” and the “secondAF” referenced above are in fact the same entity. Consequently, theinteraction between the two AFs at step 3006 becomes an internalprocedure, and the step 3012 may be carried out by the response messagefrom the first AF to the AMF or to the SMF.

As may be appreciated, the process of FIG. 30 allows the UE'sapplication session to be preserved, because the application context istransferred to the second AF, which controls the application in thetarget DN.

In some embodiments, the AF is an application server. In otherembodiments, the AF is not an application server, but rather operates toconfigure the application context into the application server forresuming/preserving application sessions.

In some embodiments, the AF is an SDN controller which operates toconfigure forwarding rules in the transport network to ensure packetdelivery to correct UPF.

In some embodiments, the application is a video streaming applicationand the application context information describes how (from where) toresume the dis-continued video stream. In some embodiments, theapplication is a gaming application and the application contextinformation describes how (from where) to reconstruct or recover thegaming context.

The DNAI is an identifier that points to a node or function thatprovides access to the DN for user plane traffic. A node or function inthe UP transmitting traffic to the DN, can direct the traffic to a DNAI.In some embodiments, the DNAI may be a network element such as routerthat is strategically deployed by the operator, in other embodiments theDNAI may be gateway function providing access to a data centre withinwhich virtual UPFs are instantiated. An application location refers to anetwork element (e.g. a server, a data centre) upon which theapplication is deployed. Multiple applications can be deployed at thesame location.

It should be understood that when an application communicates with a UEthrough a 3GPP-compliant network, the application location can be mappedor associated with a DNAI. In some embodiments, this association can bea part of the routing profile (e.g. stored or otherwise indicated withinthe routing profile). In other embodiments the association is externalto the routing profile, and may be stored within a locally accessibletable, or in a common reference point within the network. In someembodiments the routing profile describes the routing parametersassociated with the routing of traffic to the application location. Thismay take the form of a combination of either or both a destinationaddress and a destination port number at the application location. Suchembodiments are examples of situations in which the association may beexternal to the routing profile. It will be understood by those skilledin the art that routing profiles may, in some embodiments, beapplication location specific. This allows traffic to be directed to theDNAI, and from there be forwarded to the application. An application maybe instantiated in different DNs. Within the same DN, an application maybe instantiated at multiple locations, and each application location maybe associated with a plurality of DNAIs. In implementations where arouting profile is per application location specific, the routingprofile can indicate a transport address such as IP address and portnumber or a network address such as Ethernet address, associated withthe application location and other traffic routing parameters to be usedby the DNAIs associated with the application location for routingtraffic to the application location.

In some embodiments, both routing profiles and the association betweenthe routing profile (or the corresponding application location) and theDNAI can be configured into the NEF, by another network function (e.g.the AF) in coordination with the NEF or by a management plane functionsuch network manager, slice manager, service manager, etc. Inembodiments in which the AF is within a trusted domain, the routingprofile and association between the routing profile and the DNAI may beconfigured into the AF itself.

Because a DNAI identifies a data network access point, and each DN cansupport a plurality of different applications and UPFs, a DNAI may beassociated with a plurality of different UPFs. The traffic steeringprofile is typically associated with the DNAI and then applied to eachUPF associated with the DNAI. In some embodiments the PCF may beconfigured with the information of the DNAI and the traffic steeringprofiles. In some embodiments, the association between the trafficsteering profile and UPFs can be configured into the SMF. In anotherembodiment, the traffic steering profile may be configured into the UPFand the SMF. The configuration described above may be performed by amanagement plane function such as network manager, slice manager,service manager, etc. Other network functions, including the SMF, theNEF or the PCF, may also have roles in the configuration of the UPF andthe traffic steering profile. In implementations where a trafficsteering profile is per DNAI specific, the traffic steering profile canindicate a transport address such as IP address and port number or anetwork address such as Ethernet address, associated with the DNAI andother traffic routing parameters to be used by the UPFs associated withthe DNAI for routing traffic to the DNAI. The traffic steering profilemay also indicate the DNAI itself by means of an identifier.

FIG. 31 is a logical block diagram 3100 illustrating an examplerelationship between application location, DNAI and UPF. A set of fourUPFs, UPF1 3102, UPF2 3104, UPF3 3106, and UPF4 3108 are illustrated. Aset of two application locations, AS1 3120 and AS2 3126 are illustrated.Access to AS1 3120 can be through either DNAI 1 3110 or DNAI 2 3114.Access to AS2 3126 is through DNAI 2 3114. Traffic from UPF1 3120 andUPF2 3104 to AS1 3120 is subject to traffic steering profile 1 3112 androuting profile 1 3122. Traffic from UPF2 3104, UPF3 3106 and UPF4 3108to AS2 3126 is subject to traffic steering profile 2 3116 and routingprofile 2 3124. Thus, traffic from UPF2 3104 may be subject to differenttraffic steering profiles based on the application location targeted.

The routing profile 1 3122 corresponds to the application location AS13120, which is associated with both DNAI1 3110 and DNAI2 3114. Therouting profile 2 3124 corresponds to the application location AS2 1326,which is associated with DNAI2 3114.

The association between a UPF and a DNAI may imply that the UPF maysupport traffic steering toward the DNAI using the information specifiedin the traffic steering profile associated with the DNAI. For example,UPF2 3104 is associated with both DNAI1 3110 and DNAI2 3112. As such,UPF2 3104 is capable of steering traffic toward both DNAIs.

An information mapping configured in NEF, PCF and SMF is illustratedbelow:

@ NEF: Application location⇄routing profiling ID

@ PCF: Routing profile ID→DNAIs;

-   -   DNAI⇄traffic steering profile ID

@ SMF: traffic steering profile ID→UPFs

The PCF does not necessarily need to know the content of routingprofiles and similarly the SMF does not necessarily need to know thecontent of traffic steering profiles.

In the illustrated embodiments of FIG. 31, there is a minimal set ofinformation that is available to each of the different types of networkfunctions. An AF should have access to the Application location (e.g. interms of a transport address or network address of the applicationlocation). The DNAI should have access to routing profiles associatedwith the application location that it is associated with. A UPF shouldhave access to traffic steering profiles of the DNAIs that it isassociated with. The configuration of these nodes and functions so thatthey are provided with this information, or provided with access to thisinformation, can be performed by any of a number of different managementplane functions, such as network manager, slice manager, servicemanager, and/or the AF. For example, the AF may provide the necessaryinformation to the DNAI, while a management plan function provide thenecessary information to the NEF, the PCF, the SMF, and the UPF.

N6 Tunnel information, which may have been provided by the SMF, is usedby a UPF to establishing an N6 tunnel, and for determining theprocessing applied to UL packets sent through the N6 tunnel. The N6Tunnel information may include tunnel type such as IP tunnel, Ethernettunnel, IPv6/UDP tunnel, etc. It may include information of tunnel endpoint identifier or address, port number, and other tunnel protocolparameters. The traffic steering parameters can be obtained using atraffic steering profile ID (which itself may be obtained from afunction such as the SMF). The traffic steering parameters may beobtained from a local configuration. If the traffic steering parametersare not pre-configured locally at the UPF, the UPF may obtain them froma function such as the SMF. If traffic steering parameters are provideby the SMF to the UPF, the traffic steering profile ID may not beprovided to the UPF by the SMF. Packets sent through the N6 tunnel canbe encapsulated, and traffic steering information can be embedded withinthe outer header. The outer header can also include an identification ofthe processing to be applied for UL packets.

As will be understood, the manner in which traffic in the UP is routedand processed can be configured by CP functions. Forapplication-influenced traffic routing, the configuration process cancommence with an AF performing a request procedure to send anapplication location notification to the network. The AF can provide anapplication location (e.g. in a transport address) and N6 Tunnelinformation (if any) to the NEF. The NEF can map the applicationlocation, received from the AF, to a routing profile. The NEF can thensend the routing profile ID and the N6 Tunnel information to the PCF.The PCF can map the routing profile ID to at least one DNAI. The routingprofile ID can also be mapped to traffic steering profiles, for example,via the mapped at least one DNAI. Based on these mappings a trafficsteering policy can be generated. The traffic steering policy willtypically specify one or multiple traffic steering profile IDs, arouting profile ID, and N6 Tunnel information. Traffic steering policymay also contain other information such as validity conditions.

For non-IP traffic, N6 Tunnel information is typically required. For IPtraffic, it may be optional. If N6 Tunnel is not used when handling IPtraffic, the traffic routing parameters in traffic steering profile androuting profile together may describe how to route traffic end to endover N6.

An example of enforcing application influence on traffic routing duringa session establishment procedure (or a session modification procedure)is now discussed. The process may commence with the PCF sending atraffic steering policy to SMF. The SMP can then map traffic steeringprofile IDs (typically contained in the traffic steering policy, butoptionally provided along with the policy) to UPFs. The PCF can thenperform a UPF/traffic steering selection process, and provide theselected traffic steering profile ID and the N6 Tunnel information(carried by the policy) to a UPF selected for the PDU session. The SMFmay compile/process the N6 Tunnel information before sending it to theUPF, for example, generating a tunnel header for the UPF to apply to ULpackets. The SMF may also generate a Traffic Forwarding Template. TheTFT can be used by the UPF to map a N6 Tunnel to a path in the UP for DLtraffic.

The SMF can send a notification to the NEF of any N6 Tunnel change (e.g.N6 tunnel end point change due to UPF reselection). The SMF may alsosend a notification to the NEF to inform the NEF of a traffic steeringchange, which may include changes in DNAI mappings and/or routingprofile ID. The NEF can map the DNAI to a transport address and therouting profile ID to a traffic address of the respective applicationlocation. The NEF can then provide the information associated with an N6Tunnel change and traffic steering change (after information mapping) tothe AF.

Based on the foregoing description, it may be appreciated thatembodiments of the present invention may provide:

A method for managing protocol data unit session data traffic on anetwork, the method comprising a control plane entity available on thenetwork:

-   receiving an application program interface (API)-based Application    System (AS) location notification from an AS controller, the    API-based AS location notification identifying an AS location and    data traffic to be associated with the identified AS location; and,-   transmitting an AS location notification to locate the AS.

In some embodiments, before the control plane entity transmits the ASlocation notification, the method further comprises the control planeentity authenticating the AS controller.

In some embodiments, the authenticating the AS controller comprisestransmitting an authentication request to an authentication serverfunction (AUSF) available on the network; and, receiving anauthentication response from the AUSF indicating an authenticationresult in response to the authentication request.

In some embodiments, the AS location notification comprises an ASrelocation notification that changes an existing location of a PDUsession.

In some embodiments, the AS location notification comprises an ASlocation notification that establishes a location of a future PDUsession.

In some embodiments, the AS relocation notification is transmitted to asession management function (SMF) to configure traffic steering for thedata traffic to the relocated AS.

In some embodiments, the AS location notification is transmitted to aPolicy Control Function (PCF) to generate a User Plane (UP) selectionpolicy and traffic steering policy for the data traffic.

A method for managing protocol data unit (PDU) session data trafficexchanged with a User Equipment (UE) connected to a network, the methodcomprising a control plane entity available on the network:

-   receiving a PDU session request from the UE;-   verifying the UE context and authorizing the session request based    on user subscription data, and if authorized the method further    comprises:-   selecting and setting up a user plane (UP) path for the requested    PDU session;-   transmitting a PDU session request response to the UE.

In some embodiments, the PDU session request includes a session ID.

In some embodiments, the PDU session request includes a preferred SSCmode for the requested PDU session.

In some embodiments, the PDU session request includes an applicationidentifier indicating the PDU session request is dedicated to anapplication associated with the application identifier.

A method for connecting a UE to network, comprising a session managementfunction available on the network:

-   receiving a PDU session request from the UE;-   selecting an end-to-end user plane (UP) path for the PDU session;-   notifying an application function available on the network of the    selected end-to-end UP path;-   sending to an access node (AN) a request to setup a PDU session    connection for the UE corresponding to the selected end-to-end UP    path.

In some embodiments, the AN comprises a serving AN that received the PDUsession request from the UE and forwarded the PDU session request to theSMF.

In some embodiments, the PDU session request indicates an anchor userplane function (UPF) location and an application location of theapplication function.

An electronic device comprising:

-   A network interface;-   A processor;-   A memory for storing instructions that when executed by the    processor cause the electronic device to carry out the method    described herein.

A method for managing protocol data unit session data traffic on anetwork, the method comprising a Network Exposure Function (NEF)available on the network:

-   selecting a Policy Control Function (PCF) available on the network;-   transmitting to the PCF a User Plane (UP) selection notification    policy update request; and,-   receiving a UP selection notification policy update response.

In some embodiments, the selecting a Policy Control Function (PCF)available on the network is based on receipt of a UP selectionNotification Subscription Request, and wherein the method furthercomprises:

-   transmitting a UP selection Notification Subscription Response.

In some embodiments, the UP selection Notification Subscription Requestis received from an Application Function (AF) available on the network,and wherein the UP selection Notification Subscription Response istransmitted to the AF.

A method of managing a network, the method comprising exchanging UserPlane management information between an Application Function entitysupporting one or more applications and a Slice Management Functionentity configured to manage traffic flows in a respective slice of thenetwork.

A Slice Management Function entity for managing traffic flows in arespective slice of a network, the Slice Management Function entityconfigured to exchange User Plane management information with anApplication Function entity supporting one or more applications of thenetwork.

An Application Function entity supporting one or more applications in anetwork, the Application Function entity configured to exchange UserPlane management information with a Slice Management Function entityconfigured to manage traffic flows in a respective slice of the network.

In some embodiments, the User Plane management information compriseseither one or both of:

-   operator policy information or events; and-   traffic requirements of the applications supported by the    Application Function entity.

A method for establishing a PDU session performed by a network entityexecuting on a processing unit of a network node of a communicationnetwork, comprising the network entity performing the steps of:

-   receiving from a UE a session request including an application    identifier;-   transmitting to a Network Exposure Function (NEF) an    authentication/authorization request on behalf of the UE;-   receiving from the NEF an authentication/authorization response;    and,-   authorizing the PDU session based on the    authentication/authorization response.

In some embodiments, the network entity comprises a Session ManagementFunction.

In some embodiments, the network entity transmits theauthentication/authorization request to a third party entity through theNEF.

In some embodiments, the network entity receives theauthentication/authorization response from a third party entity throughthe NEF.

A network node operative to establish a PDU session on a communicationnetwork, the network node comprising:

-   a processor operative to enable the network node to:-   receive from a UE a session request including an application    identifier;-   transmit to a Network Exposure Function (NEF) an    authentication/authorization request on behalf of the UE;-   receive from the NEF an authentication/authorization response; and,-   authorize the PDU session based on the authentication/authorization    response.

In some embodiments, the network node is enabled to act as a SessionManagement Function.

In some embodiments, the network node transmits theauthentication/authorization request to a third party entity through theNEF.

In some embodiments, the network node receives theauthentication/authorization response from a third party entity throughthe NEF.

A method for establishing a PDU session performed by a network entityexecuting on a processing unit of a network node of a communicationnetwork, comprising the network entity performing the steps of:

-   receiving from a UE a session request;-   if the session request does not include an application identifier,    detecting application traffic related to the session request and    transmitting a notification to a control plane entity indicating the    application traffic detection and requesting reselection of the    application traffic steering; and,-   if the session request includes an application identifier,    transmitting to the control plane entity a notification that the PDU    session is intended for the application traffic associated with the    application identifier.

In some embodiments, the network entity comprises a Session ManagementFunction.

In some embodiments, if the session request includes an applicationidentifier, the method further comprising:

-   transmitting an authentication/authorization request to a third    party entity through the NEF.

In some embodiments, if the session request includes an applicationidentifier, the method further comprising: receiving anauthentication/authorization response from a third party entity throughthe NEF.

A network node operative to establish a PDU session on a communicationnetwork, the network node comprising:

-   a processor operative to enable the network node to:-   receive from a UE a session request;-   if the session request does not include an application identifier,    the network node is operative to detect application traffic related    to the session request and to transmit a notification to a control    plane entity indicating the application traffic detection and    requesting reselection of the application traffic steering; and,-   if the session request includes an application identifier, the    network node is operative to transmit to the control plane entity a    notification that the PDU session is intended for the application    traffic associated with the application identifier.

In some embodiments, the network node is enabled to act as a SessionManagement Function.

In some embodiments, if the session request includes an applicationidentifier, network node is further operative to transmit theauthentication/authorization request to a third party entity through theNEF.

In some embodiments, if the session request includes an applicationidentifier, the network node is further operative to receive theauthentication/authorization response from a third party entity throughthe NEF.

A method for establishing a PDU session performed by a network entityexecuting on a processing unit of a network node of a communicationnetwork, comprising the network entity performing the steps of:

-   receiving from a UE a session request including an application    identifier;-   obtaining PCC rules associated with the application identifier; and,-   configuring application traffic handling policies for the PDU    session based on the obtained PCC rules.

In some embodiments, the network entity comprises a Session ManagementFunction.

A network node operative to establish a PDU session on a communicationnetwork, the network node comprising:

-   a processor operative to enable the network node to:-   receive from a UE a session request including an application    identifier;-   obtain PCC rules associated with the application identifier; and,-   configure application traffic handling policies for the PDU session    based on the obtained PCC rules.

In some embodiments, the network node is enabled to act as a SessionManagement Function.

A method for establishing a PDU session performed by a network entityexecuting on a processing unit of a network node of a communicationnetwork, comprising the network entity performing the steps of:

-   receiving a third party authentication/authorization request    including an application identifier from a session management    entity;-   selecting an Application Function (AF) based on the third party    authentication/authorization request; and,-   transmitting to the selected AF the third party    authentication/authorization request.

In some embodiments, the network entity comprises a Network ExposureFunction (NEF).

In some embodiments, the session management entity comprises a SessionManagement Function (SMF).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises:

-   receiving an authentication/authorization response from the selected    AF.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises:

-   transmitting the authentication/authorization response to the    session management entity.

In some embodiments, the AF is external to the session managemententity, and is not operable to communicate directly with the sessionmanagement entity.

In some embodiments, the network entity and the session managemententity are core network functions, and wherein the selected AF isexternal to the core network.

It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodimentmethods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units ormodules. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unitor a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unitor a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit ora processing module. Other steps may be performed by modules orfunctional elements specific to those steps. The respectiveunits/modules may be implemented as specialized hardware, softwareexecuted on a hardware platform that is comprised of general purposehardware, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of theunits/modules may be implemented as an integrated circuit, such as fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integratedcircuits (ASICs). It will be appreciated that where the modules aresoftware, they may be stored in a memory and retrieved by a processor,in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, insingle or multiple instances as required. The modules themselves mayinclude instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

Although the present invention has been described with reference tospecific features and embodiments thereof, it is evident that variousmodifications and combinations can be made thereto without departingfrom the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, tobe regarded simply as an illustration of the invention as defined by theappended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and allmodifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall withinthe scope of the present invention.

1-12. (canceled)
 13. A method of notification management, the methodcomprising: obtaining, by a session management function (SMF),information from a policy control function (PCF), the information beinga policy associated with an application function (AF) request, the AFrequest being for a subscription to a notification of a user plane (UP)path selection or reselection; and sending, by the SMF to the AF withoutinvolving the PCF, the notification according to the policy, thenotification comprising a notification type indicating a time sequencebetween a transmission of the notification and configuring a UP path.14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the AF request indicates arequested time sequence between the transmission of the notification andconfiguring the UP path.
 15. The method according to claim 13, whereinthe policy is for a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with atraffic to which the notification relates.
 16. The method according toclaim 13 wherein the sending the notification without involving the PCFcomprises: sending, by the SMF, the notification to the AF via a networkexposure function (NEF).
 17. The method according to claim 16, whereinthe AF request is sent from the AF to the PCF via the NEF.
 18. Themethod according to claim 13, wherein the notification is sent by theSMF before the UP path is configured, and the notification typeindicates that the time sequence is that the notification is sent beforethe UP path is configured.
 19. The method according to claim 18, whereinthe AF request indicates that the notification is requested to be sentbefore the UP path is configured.
 20. The method according to claim 13,wherein the notification is sent by the SMF after the UP path isconfigured, and the notification type indicates that the time sequenceis that the notification is sent after the UP path is configured. 21.The method according to claim 20, wherein the AF request indicates thatthe notification is requested to be sent after the UP path isconfigured.
 22. The method according to claim 13, wherein the sendingthe notification by the SMF comprises: sending, by the SMF, a firstnotification before the UP path is configured, the first notificationcomprising a first notification type, wherein the first notificationtype indicates that the time sequence is that the first notification issent before the UP path is configured; and sending, by the SMF, a secondnotification after the UP path is configured, the second notificationcomprising a second notification type, wherein the second notificationtype indicates that the time sequence is that the second notification issent after the UP path is configured.
 23. The method according to claim22, wherein the AF request indicates that the notification is requestedto be sent before and after the UP path is configured.
 24. The methodaccording to claim 13, after obtaining the information, furthercomprising: selecting or reselecting, by the SMF, a UP function (UPF).25. The method according to claim 13, after obtaining the information,further comprising: selecting or reselecting, by the SMF, an applicationlocation.
 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the applicationlocation being expressed as a data network access identifier (DNAI). 27.A method of managing a subscribed notification, the method comprising:sending, by an application function (AF) to a policy control function(PCF), a request for a subscription to a notification of a user plane(UP) path selection or reselection, the request indicating a requestedtime sequence between a transmission of the notification and configuringthe UP path; and receiving the notification by the AF from the SMFwithout involving the PCF, the notification comprising a notificationtype indicating that the transmission of the notification is performedaccording to the requested time sequence.
 28. The method according toclaim 27, wherein the AF sends the request to a policy control function(PCF) configured to forward the request for the subscription to the SMFthrough a policy.
 29. The method according to claim 27 wherein the AFsends the request to the PCF via a network exposure function (NEF). 30.The method according to claim 29 wherein the AF receives thenotification from the SMF via the NEF without involving the PCF.
 31. Themethod according to claim 27 wherein the request further indicates thatis effective only to traffic of a UE located within a specifiedlocation.
 32. The method according to claim 31 wherein the requestindicating to which traffic that the notification applies.
 33. Themethod according to claim 27, wherein the notification further comprisesan application location which is expressed as a data network accessidentifier (DNAI).
 34. The method according to claim 27, wherein therequested time sequence is the notification is sent before the UP pathis configured.
 35. The method according to claim 27, wherein therequested time sequence is the notification is sent after the UP path isconfigured.
 36. The method according to claim 27, wherein the requestedtime sequence is the notification is sent before and after the UP pathis configured.
 37. An apparatus implementing a network functioncomprising: a processor; and a non-transitory computer readable storagemedium storing programming for execution by the processor, theprogramming including instructions to: obtain information from a policycontrol function (PCF), the information being a policy associated withan application function (AF) request, the AF request being for asubscription to a notification of a user plane (UP) path selection orreselection; and send, to the AF without involving the PCF, thenotification according to the policy, the notification comprising anotification type indicating a time sequence between a transmission ofthe notification and configuring a UP path.
 38. An apparatusimplementing a network function comprising: a processor; and anon-transitory computer readable storage medium storing programming forexecution by the processor, the programming including instructions to:send, to a policy control function (PCF), a request for a subscriptionto a notification of a user plane (UP) path selection or reselection,the request indicating a requested time sequence between a transmissionof the notification and configuring the UP path; and receiving thenotification from the SMF without involving the PCF, the notificationcomprising a notification type indicating that the transmission of thenotification is performed according to the requested time sequence.